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A meta-analysis of 175 global studies on the prevalence of ADHD in children aged 18 and under found an overall aggregate estimate of 7.2% (Thomas et al., 2015). The US Census Bureau estimated that in 2013 there were 1,795,734,009 people between the ages of 5-19 worldwide. As a result, 7.2% of this total population is 0.129 billion — a rough estimate of the number of children with ADHD worldwide.
Based on DSM-IV screening of 11,422 adults for ADHD in 10 countries in the Americas, Europe, and the Middle East, it is estimated that the global average adult ADHD prevalence rate is 3.4% (Fayyad et al. 2007)
USA
children and adolescents
According to data analysis collected by the Beauty Health Interview Survey (NHIS), the confirmed prevalence of ADHD in children and adolescents aged 4-17 in the past 20 years is as follows (Xu et al, 2018):
Overall prevalence and by age group (%)
Year All 4-11 years 12-17 years 2015-201610.27.713.52013-20149.47.911.32011-2011-20129.67.712.02009-20109.06.911.92007-20088.16.110.82005-20067.56.09.32003-20047.35.89.3 2001-20027.25.98.91999-20006.55.38.21997- 19986.15.37.2
Prevalence by sex (%)
year boys girls 2015-201614.06.32013-201412.85.82011-2011-201213.65.42009-201012.25.72007-200811.34.82005-200610.64.22003-200410.24.32001-200210.34.01999-20009.43.4 1997-19989.03.1
Ratio by race/ethnicity (percentage)
Year Hispanic Non-Hispanic White Non-Hispanic Black Other 2015-20166.112.012.87.72013-20146.111.48.86.92011-20126.111.69.46.92009-20104.810.611.16.22007-20084.49.68.56.02005-20065.18.57.55.12003-20044.18.67.35.22001- 20023.88.47.23.71999-20003.47.84.84.01997-19983.67.24.73.9
The Children's Health (NSCH) 2016 National Survey interviewed parents and children reporting ADHD prevalence data among children aged 2-17 (Danielson et al. 2018):
· 6.1 million children (9.4%) have been diagnosed with ADHD. This includes:
Approximately 388,000 young children ages 2-5 (or 2.4% of that age group)
2.4 million school-age children ages 6-11 (or 9.6% of that age group)
3.3 million teenagers aged 12-17 (or 13.6% of that age group)
· 5.4 million children (8.4%) are currently diagnosed with ADHD. This includes:
Approximately 335,000 young children ages 2-5 (or 2.1% of this age group)
2.2 million school-age children ages 6-11 (or 8.9% of that age group)
2.9 million teenagers aged 12-17 (or 11.9% of that age group)
· Currently used treatments for children 2-7 years old diagnosed with ADHD:
o Two-thirds are taking medication (62%).
o Less than half of people received behavioral treatment in the past year (46.7%).
o Nearly one-third of people received a combination of medication and behavioral treatment in the past year (31.7%).
o Nearly a quarter of people received no treatment (23%).
· The severity of ADHD in children aged 2-17:
o 14.5% have severe ADHD
o 43.7% have moderate ADHD
o 41.8% have mild ADHD
· Co-morbidities (children aged 2-17):
o Two thirds of children (63.8%) have at least one co-occurring illness.
o Half of children (51.5%) have behavioral or conduct problems.
o One-third of children (32.7%) have anxiety problems.
o One in six children (16.8%) suffer from depression.
o Approximately one in seven children (13.7%) has autism spectrum disorder.
o Approximately one in eight children (1.2%) has Tourette's syndrome.
o One percent of adolescents (1%) have a substance use disorder.
· By race or ethnicity (children ages 2-17):
o 8.4% white
o 10.7% black
o 6.6% other
o 6.0% Hispanic/Latino
o 9.1% non-Hispanic/Latino
An analysis of data reported by parents from the 2011-2013 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) found the following (Pastor et al., 2015):
· 9.5% of 4-17 year olds have been diagnosed with ADHD
· By age group:
o 2.7% of 4-5 year olds
o 9.5% of children aged 6-11
o 11.8% of children aged 12-17
· By gender:
o 13.3% of boys
o 5.6% of girls
• By race/ethnicity:
o 11.5% non-Hispanic white children
o 8.9% of non-Hispanic black children
o 6.3% Hispanic children
The same study found that the diagnosis rate of ADHD increased from 7.0% in 1997-1999 to 10.2% in 2012-2014. During this period, the prevalence of non-Hispanic white children increased from 8.5% to 12.5%, non-Hispanic black children from 5.5% to 9.6%, and Hispanic children from 3.8% to 6.4%.
Parent interviews based on the Children's Health (NSCH) 2003-2011 national survey highlighted the following data for children ages 4-17 (US CDC 2014):
· 5.1 million children (8.8% or one-tenth of the 4-17 age group) are currently diagnosed with ADHD:
o 6.8% of children ages 4-10 (1 out of 15)
o 11.4% of children aged 11-14 (1 in 9)
10.2% of children aged 15-17 (one-tenth)
10.2% of children aged 15-17 (one-tenth)
· The average age of ADHD diagnosis is currently 6.2 years, including:
o “Mild” ADHD was diagnosed at age 7,
o “Moderate” ADHD was diagnosed at age 6.1, and
o “Serious” ADHD was diagnosed at age 4.4.
· 3.5 million children (69% of children with ADHD today) are taking medication to treat ADHD.
· Boys (12.1%) are still more than twice as likely as girls (5.5%) to have ADHD.
· The current prevalence of ADHD varies from state to state, with the lowest rate of 4.2% in Nevada and the highest in Kentucky at 14.8%.
· According to parent reports, 6.4 million children (11% of the 4-17 age group) have been diagnosed with ADHD. From 2003 to 2011, the proportion of ADHD diagnosed increased by an average of about 5% per year.
schoolchildren
According to a recent population-based study using DSM-IV standards, 15.5% of students in grades 1 to 5 have ADHD. The study combined the results of a rating scale completed by teachers and telephone interviews with parents of 7,847 children (Rowland et al., 2015).
adults
According to the results of the American Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) of 3,199 adults aged 18-44 for ADHD, 4.4% of American adults have ADHD. Of these adults with ADHD, 38% are women and 62% are men (Kessler et al., 2006).
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