高所から冷たい風が吹くことと現代の逃城の意義
水乞歌
丙辰の中秋、夜が明けるまで楽しく酒を飲み、酔っ払って、この詩を作り、兼ねて子由を想って。
明るい月はいつ見られるだろうか？酒を手に青い空に問う。
天上の宮や今夜が何年か分からない。
風に乗って帰りたいが、また、琼楼玉宇を恐れる。高い場所は寒いものです。。
舞い踊って清らかな影を楽しむことは、人間の世界にいるのとは何ら似ていない。
朱の阁を回転し、垂れ下がった織り戸を低くして、眠らぬ月明かりを映す。
恨みは持たないでください。何故なら、別れた時に交わした言葉は丸くなります。
人生には悲しみと喜び、出会いと別れがあります。月にも陰と晴れや満ち欠けがあります。これらは古くから変わりません。
ただ、人々が長生きできることを切に願っています。千里を共にする美しい月を眺めながら。
逃城或译避难城，分散在以色列王国和犹大王国。以色列人进迦南的时候，神安排了六座逃城，迦南地和约旦河东各有三座(民35:13-14)。这六座城分散在全地，每个人都离逃城不远，让误杀人的都可以逃到那里(民35:15)，得着庇护。
根据犹太传统，一般大路的标准宽度是16肘，但通往逃城的道路必须宽两倍(《他勒目 Talmud》Bava Batra 100b)，并要修直、修平，在每个岔路口重复标上「逃城 מקלט מקלט」(《密西拿 Mishnah》Sefer HaChinukh 520:1)。两个「逃城 מִקְלָט」的希伯来字母数值(Gematria Value)是179+179=358，这正是「弥赛亚 מָשִׁיחַ」的希伯来字母数值。
这些逃城都是利未人的城邑(民35:6)，城内的长老和会众都是专门教导圣经的利未人。误杀人的要住在那城里，只有等到神使那时的大祭司死了，才能离开逃城得自由。犹太传统认为，大祭司的母亲会给住在逃城里的避难者提供食物和衣服，这样他们就不会祷告盼望大祭司早死，而会盼望大祭司长寿(《密西拿 Mishnah》Makkot 11a)。犹太传统也指出，法庭必须提供避难者物质和属灵的需要，如果一个门徒逃往逃城，他的导师也必须搬到逃城，对他继续进行教导。
逃城正预表弥赛亚基督的救恩。神为世人预备的救恩离我们也不远，人要得着救恩并不困难，问题是人是否知道自己需要逃城、肯不肯逃往逃城。
Einstein's escape from Germany was a major landmark event for the scientific community around the world. As we all know, Germany was the most scientifically advanced country in the world before. In 1933, the year when Einstein fled, there were only five people in the United States who had won the Nobel Prize in Natural Sciences, while Germany had 31 people who had won the Nobel Prize, six times that of the United States. 72 years after Einstein permanently gave up his German citizenship, Germany decided to name 2005 the "Year of Einstein" and engraved Einstein's political creed on the government building: "The state is established for man, not man for the state." Einstein was a great man, but I think his greatest achievement was not his discovery of the theory of relativity, but his high sensitivity to politics. On January 30, 1933, Hitler officially took office as German Chancellor and Germany entered the Nazi era. On the same day, Einstein and his wife Elsa successfully escaped from Germany and embarked on a journey to visit the United States. The Nazis' discrimination and persecution of Jews had already begun before Hitler seized supreme power, but the degree was far less severe than later. However, Einstein still saw the danger from some of the Nazis' daily behaviors. In a letter to a friend in 1931, Einstein expressed his desire to give up his German citizenship. "The dissolution of parliament, the collapse of the economy, the street fighting of the Nazis, the weakness of the Republicans, all these foreshadow the coming disaster." Before Hitler came to power, Einstein was considering leaving Germany permanently. As soon as Hitler came to power, he immediately began to systematically and organizedly eliminate the cultural influence of the Jews. On March 2, 1933, Einstein, as well as a group of artists and writers, were severely criticized by the Nazi party newspaper "National Observer". On March 10, 1933, Einstein gave a speech in the United States: "As long as I still have a choice, I only want to live in a country with political freedom, tolerance and equality before the law. Freedom of speech and freedom to express political opinions in writing are also part of political freedom, and respect for personal beliefs is part of tolerance. These conditions do not exist in Germany at present. There, especially those who promote international mutual understanding are being persecuted." In May 1933, Goebbels, who was in charge of propaganda, instigated the "book burning" in Germany (burning politically incorrect books). The poet Heinrich Heine once prophetically believed that there was only one step from burning books to burning people. Einstein, who was far away in the United States, refused the German ambassador's order to return to Germany, but took a boat back to Europe. On May 26, he arrived at the German Embassy in Brussels, returned his passport, and announced that he would give up his German nationality. From this moment on, Einstein broke off relations with Germany forever. Another person who had a clear understanding of the Nazis like Einstein was the German philosopher Cassirer. In the spring of 1933, soon after Hitler became the German Chancellor, Cassirer saw through the nature of the Nazis. He had no doubt that the Nazis would do anything crazy. The goal of the Nazi Party was to exterminate all the Jews, and this goal had never changed. Cassirer privately told his wife: "People like us have nothing to pursue and nothing to look forward to in Germany." He also said: "I guess this regime will last for ten years, but the evil it arouses may last for one hundred and fifty years." On May 2, 1933, four months after Hitler became the German Chancellor, Cassirer resigned as the president of Hamburg University and fled Germany in time. He first lectured at Oxford University in the UK, and then went to Sweden and the United States to teach. He died in New York in 1945. When the news of Goebbels' book burning reached another great thinker, Freud (Freud's books were also among those burned), Freud, who lived in Vienna, said naively: "They have made much progress! In the Middle Ages, they would have burned me, but now they are satisfied with just burning my books." At this time, Freud believed that the Nazis would only burn books, not people. At least, as an Austrian citizen, Freud thought he was safe. But Freud's innocence was soon shattered. On March 11, 1938, the German army invaded Austria. A friend finally convinced Freud with the story of the second mate on the Titanic. Freud finally made up his mind to immigrate to the UK with his family, but at this time, there were already many difficulties. Fortunately, the international community expressed strong concern for Freud's personal safety. According to President Roosevelt's instructions, a car from the US embassy was parked near Freud's residence day and night. Once Freud's life was threatened, the car would intervene and save him in the name of the United States. Under international pressure, Nazi Germany agreed to allow Freud to leave the country, but he had to pay more than 30,000 marks of "imperial escape tax". On June 4, Freud and his family left Vienna by train and settled in London, England. The number of Jews who fled early, such as Einstein, Cassirer, and Freud, was relatively small. A large number of Jews who did not flee died in the Nazi Holocaust. Among them, many people could have fled in the early days of Nazi rule. The most important reason why they did not flee and eventually died in the Holocaust was, first, their love for Germany and second, their misunderstanding of the Nazis. They were unwilling to believe that Germany would eventually have no place for them. For example, Fritz Haber, the Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, was a Jewish scientist who once devoted himself to Germany and thought he was noble. After the Nazis came to power, Haber was expelled from the country, so he suffered a great mental blow and died the following year (1934). Einstein and Cassirer fled first, taking their families with them, and everything was fine; Freud fled too late, leaving behind a large fortune and suffering all kinds of hardships, but he finally escaped; the rest of them only thought of escaping after the Holocaust began, and they were completely unable to escape. History tells us that in any era, the fate of those who see the essence in one second and those who spend half their lives unable to see clearly will naturally be very different.
爱因斯坦的逃离德国对全世界的科学界来讲是一个重大标志性事件，大家知道，之前德国是全世界科学最发达的国家，在1933年，也就是爱因斯坦逃离的那一年，美国总共才有五个人获得过诺贝尔奖的自然科学奖，而德国这时候已经有三十一个人得过诺贝尔奖了，是美国的六倍。爱因斯坦永久放弃德国国籍72年后，德国决定将2005年命名为“爱因斯坦年”，将爱因斯坦的政治信条刻在政府大楼上：“国家是为人而设立的，而人不是为国家而生存。”爱因斯坦是个大牛人，但我认为他最牛的地方不是发现了相对论，而是他对政治的高度敏感。1933年1月30日，希特勒正式就任德国总理，德国进入纳粹时代。就在同一天，爱因斯坦携妻子爱尔莎一道，成功逃离德国，踏上了去美国访问的旅途。纳粹对犹太人的歧视、迫害，早在希特勒攫取最高权力前就已经开始了，只是程度远没有后来那么严重，但爱因斯坦还是从一些纳粹的日常表现中看到了危险。1931年，在一封写给朋友的信中，爱因斯坦表明了自己想要放弃德国国籍的想法。“议会的解散，经济的崩溃，纳粹分子的巷战，共和党的软弱，所有这些预示着将要到来的灾难。”在希特勒还没有执掌政权时，爱因斯坦就在考虑永久地离开德国了。希特勒一上台，便立即开始有计划有组织地清除犹太人的文化影响。1933年3月2日，爱因斯坦，还有一批艺术家和作家，遭到了纳粹党报《民族观察者》的猛烈抨击。1933年3月10日，爱因斯坦在美国发表讲话：“只要我还能有所选择，我只愿意生活在一个政治自由、宽容且在法律面前人人平等的国家里。言论自由和书面发表政治意见的自由也是政治自由中的一个部分，尊重个人信仰是宽容的一部分。这些条件目前在德国都不存在。在那里，特别是那些以促进国际间相互理解为事业的人正惨遭迫害。”1933年5月，负责宣传的戈培尔煽动了德国国内的“焚书行动”（焚烧政治上不正确的图书）。诗人海因里希·海涅曾经预言性地认为，从焚书到烧人仅有一步之遥。远在美国的爱因斯坦拒绝了德国大使让他返回德国的命令，而是乘船返回欧洲，于5月26日到达布鲁塞尔的德国公使馆，交还护照，宣布放弃德国国籍。从这一刻起，爱因斯坦永远地与德国断绝了关系。与爱因斯坦同样对纳粹有清醒认识的人还有德国的哲学家卡西勒。1933年春天，希特勒当上德国总理不久，卡西勒就洞察了纳粹的本质，他毫不怀疑纳粹会做出任何疯狂的举动。将犹太人赶尽杀绝，是纳粹党的目标，这一目标也从来没有改变过。卡西勒私下对妻子说：“我们这种人在德国没有什么可追求，也没有什么可期盼的了。”又说：“我猜想这个政权将持续十年，但是它激起的邪恶可能持续一百五十年。”1933年5月2日，希特勒当上德国总理后的第四个月，卡西勒辞去汉堡大学校长职务，及时逃离了德国，他先是在英国牛津大学讲学，后又去了瑞典和美国授课，1945年在纽约逝世。当戈培尔焚书的消息传到另一位思想巨匠弗洛伊德耳里的时候（弗洛伊德的书也在焚毁之列），生活在维也纳的弗洛伊德颇为天真地说：“他们进步多了！要在中世纪，他们烧掉的就是我了，如今他们只烧我的书就感到满意了。”此时的弗洛伊德认为纳粹只会焚书，不会烧人。至少，作为奥地利公民，弗洛伊德认为自身是安全的。但弗洛伊德的天真很快就碎了一地。1938年3月11日，德军侵入奥地利。朋友最终用“泰坦尼克号”上二副的故事说服了弗洛伊德。弗洛伊德终于下定决心带全家移民英国，但此时已经困难重重了。万幸的是，国际社会对弗洛伊德个人的安危表达了强烈的关注。按照总统罗斯福的指示，一辆美国使馆的汽车日夜停在弗洛伊德住所附近。一旦弗洛伊德的生命受到威胁，这辆汽车就以美国的名义进行干预、拯救。迫于国际压力，纳粹德国同意弗洛伊德出境，但是必须缴纳超过3万马克的“帝国逃亡税”。 6月4日，弗洛伊德和他的家人乘火车离开了维也纳，定居于英国伦敦。像爱因斯坦、卡西勒、弗洛伊德这样及早逃离了的犹太人，相对数字是很小的，有大量没有逃离的犹太人死于纳粹的大屠杀中。这其中，有很多人本来是完全可能在纳粹统治的早期逃离的。而他们之所以没有逃离，最终在大屠杀中丧生，最重要的原因，一是对于德国的热爱，一是对于纳粹的错误认知。他们不愿意相信德国最终没有他们的容身之地。例如诺贝尔化学奖得主弗里茨﹒哈伯便是一位曾经把自己全身心奉献给德国，并且自以为崇高的犹太科学家。在纳粹上台后，哈伯被驱逐出境，因此精神大受打击，第二年（1934年）便去世了。爱因斯坦和卡西勒先跑了，携全家一起，风清云淡；弗洛伊德跑晚了，扔掉一大笔财富，还饱受各种刁难，但总算是跑了；剩下的那些在大屠杀开始后才想起要跑的，则完全跑不了了。历史告诉我们：在任何时代，在一秒钟内看到本质的人，和花半辈子看不清的人，命运自然是大不一样。
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