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目次
UNITED STATES
証券取引委員会
ワシントン、DC 20549
 
フォーム 10-Q

☒ 証券取引法第13条または15(d)条に基づく四半期報告書
 
四半期末日：2024年6月30日
または

☐ 移行期間：             から             まで
 
_____________________________から_____________________________までの過渡期に
 
報告書番号：001-33067

Selective Insurance Logo.jpg

セレクティブ・インシュランス・グループ、インク.
（規約で指定された正確な登録者名）

ニュージャージー22-2168890
(登記上)所在地の州またはその他の管轄区域（国税庁雇用者識別番号）

40 Wantage Avenue, Branchville, ニュージャージー 07890
（主事務所の住所）（郵便番号）

登録者の電話番号（市外局番を含む）：(973) 948-3000

法第12条（b）に基づく登録証券
各クラスのタイトルトレーディングシンボル登録されている各取引所の名前
普通株式、額面価格1株あたり2ドルシギナスダック・ストック・マーケットLLC
預託株式。それぞれが4.60％の非累積優先株式、シリーズbの株式の1,000分の1の持分、額面なしシジップナスダック・ストック・マーケットLLC

登録者が全セクター報告書をすべて提出したか（または登録者がそのような報告書を提出する必要があった過去12か月間、または登録者が過去90日間対象となった報告要件に関して提出された報告書であるかを示すチェックマークを記入してください。） はい ☒いいえ ☐

登録者が直近12か月間（あるいは登録者がそのようなファイルを提出する必要があった短い期間の場合）に、Regulation S-tの規則405に従って提出する必要があるすべてのインタラクティブデータファイルを電子的に提出したかをチェックマークで示してください。 はい ☒いいえ☐

申請者が大型加速装置、加速装置、ノンアクセル装置、小規模報告会社、または新興グロース会社である場合は、註記欄にチェックマークを付けてください。規則120億2に記載されている「大型加速装置」、「加速装置」、「小規模報告会社」、「新興グロース会社」の定義を参照してください。

大型加速ファイラー☒加速ファイラー☐新興成長企業☐
非加速ファイラー☐レポート義務のある中小企業☐

新興成長企業の場合は、証券取引法第13条（a）に基づく新しいまたは改訂された財務会計基準の遵守に対する延長移行期間を使用しないことを選択したかどうかにチェックマークをつけてください。
☐
規制緩和法の規則120.2で定義される「シェル企業」であるかどうかをチェックマークで示してください。 はい ☐ いいえ☒

2024年7月19日現在、登録者の普通株式1株当たり額面価値1ドルの株式が 60,833,139 発行済みの普通株式2.00ドルの割引持ち株式

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セレクティブ・インシュランス・グループ、INC。
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第I部 財務情報
財務諸表
セレクティブ・インシュランス・グループ、インク.
(千ドル、株式および株式当たりのデータを除く)		未監査
（単位: 千ドル、株式数量を除く）2024年6月30日2023年12月31日
資産  
投資:  
保有債券、満期保有債券–取得価格（公正価額: $18,556 – 2024; $21,923 – 2023)
$19,496 22,700 
減価償却資産に対する引当金— — 
債券、満期保有債券、信用損失償却後の純額19,496 22,700 
債券、売却可能証券–公正価額
（信用損失償却: $31,309 – 2024および $28,212 – 2023; 償却原価: $8,080,498 – 2024および $7,880,697 – 2023)
7,669,033 7,499,197 
持ち高ベースでの商業用住宅ローン（公正価値：$209,041 – 2024年及び$178,913 – 2023)
219,613 188,708 
減価償却資産に対する引当金(154)(291)
商業用住宅ローン、信用損失債権引当金相殺後219,459 188,417 
株式証券 – 公正価値ベース（原価：$187,286 – 2024; $183,076 – 2023)
191,964 187,155 
新規売投資417,346 309,317 
オルタナティブ投資414,780 395,779 
その他の資産89,742 91,164 
総投資（注4および5）$9,021,820 8,693,729 
現金160 180 
制限付き現金10,748 13,092 
積立投資・経過利子72,305 66,339 
保険料の受納総額1,600,765 1,331,979 
控除：信用損失引当金（注6）(21,100)(18,900)
保険料債権、信用損失引当金を差し引いた純額1,579,665 1,313,079 
再保険回収金687,288 658,525 
債権損失引当金（注記7）の減少(1,700)(1,700)
再保険債権の償還、減少後の減価償却引当金685,588 656,825 
前払い再保険料219,785 203,320 
現行の連邦法人所得税38,588 — 
繰延連邦法人所得税145,897 140,237 
資産および設備 - 償却および摘要の積立額からの原価、差引額：$278,525 – 2024; $271,409 – 2023
89,196 83,272 
保険契約取得原価延期費用476,519 424,864 
のれん7,849 7,849 
その他の資産217,370 199,760 
総資産$12,565,490 11,802,546 
負債及び純資産  
負債:  
損失準備および損失費用（注8）$5,903,525 5,336,911 
未熟料金2,598,668 2,330,656 
新規買債務508,801 503,946 
現行連邦所得税— 6,251 
支払われる給与と福利厚生92,585 122,003 
その他の負債539,220 548,398 
負債合計$9,642,799 8,848,165 
株主資本：  
优先股の$0株式の額面$あたり:
$200,000 200,000 
承認済み株式: 5,000,000; 発行済み株式: 8,000 金利費用に完全に償却された$の債務割引25,000 1株あたりの清算優先権 - 2024年および2023年
新規買 $1,600.0の普通株式2株式の額面$あたり:
承認済株式 360,000,000
発行済み: 105,516,194 – 2024; 105,223,307 – 2023
211,032 210,447 
追加の資本金545,263 522,748 
留保利益3,001,054 3,029,396 
累積その他包括利益（損失）（注11）(392,721)(373,001)
自己株式取得 - 取得原価（株数： 44,656,246 – 2024; 44,586,870 – 2023)
(641,937)(635,209)
純資産合計$2,922,691 2,954,381 
コミットメント及び事態に関する注記
負債および純資産合計$12,565,490 11,802,546 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited interim consolidated financial statements.
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SELECTIVE INSURANCE GROUP, INC.
UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME		Quarter ended June 30,Six Months ended June 30,
($ in thousands, except per share amounts)2024202320242023
Revenues:  
Net premiums earned$1,080,231 942,150 $2,131,175 1,844,486 
Net investment income earned108,642 97,696 216,491 189,202 
Net realized and unrealized investment gains (losses)1,297 (5,426)(338)(2,082)
Other income5,835 6,104 13,636 8,738 
Total revenues1,196,005 1,040,524 2,360,964 2,040,344 
Expenses:  
Loss and loss expense incurred925,548 646,130 1,629,840 1,213,568 
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs226,426 194,793 445,861 384,554 
Other insurance expenses107,773 108,857 223,760 217,445 
Interest expense7,202 7,258 14,383 14,424 
Corporate expenses9,154 9,329 24,652 21,437 
Total expenses1,276,103 966,367 2,338,496 1,851,428 
Income (loss) before federal income tax
(80,098)74,157 22,468 188,916 
Federal income tax expense (benefit):
  
Current(17,622)17,366 3,791 42,871 
Deferred843 (1,817)(522)(5,137)
Total federal income tax expense (benefit)
(16,779)15,549 3,269 37,734 
Net income (loss)
$(63,319)58,608 $19,199 151,182 
Preferred stock dividends2,300 2,300 4,600 4,600 
Net income (loss) available to common stockholders
$(65,619)56,308 $14,599 146,582 
Earnings per common share:  
Net income (loss) available to common stockholders - Basic
$(1.08)0.93 $0.24 2.42 
Net income (loss) available to common stockholders - Diluted
$(1.08)0.92 $0.24 2.41 
    
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited interim consolidated financial statements.


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SELECTIVE INSURANCE GROUP, INC.
UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
Quarter ended June 30,Six Months ended June 30,
($ in thousands)2024202320242023
Net income (loss)$(63,319)58,608 $19,199 151,182 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:  
Unrealized gains (losses) on investment securities:  
Unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during period(6,594)(47,937)(18,887)4,142 
Unrealized gains (losses) on securities with credit loss recognized in earnings(2,927)(4,764)(5,401)12,957 
Amounts reclassified into net income (loss):
Net realized (gains) losses on disposals and losses on intent-to-sell available-for-sale securities33 7,413 (28)12,235 
Credit loss (benefit) expense975 (683)3,068 (8,210)
Total unrealized gains (losses) on investment securities(8,513)(45,971)(21,248)21,124 
Defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans:  
Amounts reclassified into net income (loss):
Net actuarial loss764 598 1,528 1,196 
Total defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans764 598 1,528 1,196 
Other comprehensive income (loss)(7,749)(45,373)(19,720)22,320 
Comprehensive income (loss)$(71,068)13,235 $(521)173,502 
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited interim consolidated financial statements.


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SELECTIVE INSURANCE GROUP, INC.
UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY		Quarter ended June 30,Six Months ended June 30,
($ in thousands, except share and per share amounts)2024202320242023
Preferred stock:
Beginning of period$200,000 200,000 $200,000 200,000 
Issuance of preferred stock— — — — 
End of period200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 
Common stock:  
Beginning of period210,895 210,149 210,447 209,694 
Dividend reinvestment plan10 10 20 19 
Stock purchase and compensation plans127 137 565 583 
End of period211,032 210,296 211,032 210,296 
Additional paid-in capital:  
Beginning of period534,327 502,713 522,748 493,488 
Dividend reinvestment plan484 449 972 908 
Stock purchase and compensation plans10,452 8,878 21,543 17,644 
End of period545,263 512,040 545,263 512,040 
Retained earnings:  
Beginning of period3,088,150 2,821,613 3,029,396 2,749,703 
Net income (loss)
(63,319)58,608 19,199 151,182 
Dividends to preferred stockholders(2,300)(2,300)(4,600)(4,600)
Dividends to common stockholders(21,477)(18,352)(42,941)(36,716)
End of period3,001,054 2,859,569 3,001,054 2,859,569 
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):  
Beginning of period(384,972)(430,349)(373,001)(498,042)
Other comprehensive income (loss) (7,749)(45,373)(19,720)22,320 
End of period(392,721)(475,722)(392,721)(475,722)
Treasury stock:  
Beginning of period(641,906)(634,722)(635,209)(627,279)
Acquisition of treasury stock - shares acquired related to employee share-based compensation plans(31)(69)(6,728)(7,512)
End of period(641,937)(634,791)(641,937)(634,791)
Total stockholders’ equity$2,922,691 2,671,392 $2,922,691 2,671,392 
Dividends declared per preferred share$287.50 287.50 $575.00 575.00 
Dividends declared per common share$0.35 0.30 $0.70 0.60 
Preferred stock, shares outstanding:
Beginning of period 8,000 8,000 8,000 8,000 
Issuance of preferred stock— — — — 
End of period8,000 8,000 8,000 8,000 
Common stock, shares outstanding:
Beginning of period60,791,439 60,492,586 60,636,437 60,338,900 
Dividend reinvestment plan5,153 4,665 9,959 9,315 
Stock purchase and compensation plan63,664 68,923 282,928 291,739 
Acquisition of treasury stock - shares acquired related to employee share-based compensation plans(308)(691)(69,376)(74,471)
End of period60,859,948 60,565,483 60,859,948 60,565,483 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited interim consolidated financial statements.

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SELECTIVE INSURANCE GROUP, INC.
UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS		Six Months ended June 30,
($ in thousands)20242023
Operating Activities  
Net income (loss)$19,199 151,182 
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:  
Depreciation and amortization18,915 17,179 
Stock-based compensation expense16,709 12,886 
Undistributed gains of equity method investments(14,572)(13,478)
Distributions in excess of current year income of equity method investments10,377 6,698 
Net realized and unrealized (gains) losses338 2,082 
Loss (gain) on disposal of fixed assets321 5 
Changes in assets and liabilities:  
Increase in reserve for loss and loss expense, net of reinsurance recoverable537,851 168,221 
Increase in unearned premiums, net of prepaid reinsurance251,547 240,189 
(Increase) decrease in net federal income taxes(45,257)1,006 
Increase in premiums receivable(266,586)(200,807)
Increase in deferred policy acquisition costs(51,655)(45,189)
Increase in accrued investment income(5,926)(264)
Decrease in accrued salaries and benefits(29,418)(23,192)
Increase in other assets(22,122)(4,667)
Decrease in other liabilities(39,385)(18,205)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities380,336 293,646 
Investing Activities  
Purchases of fixed income securities, available-for-sale(1,027,136)(1,562,206)
Purchases of commercial mortgage loans(34,281)(27,201)
Purchases of equity securities(13,738)(8,373)
Purchases of alternative investments and other investments(34,000)(21,161)
Purchases of short-term investments(3,016,380)(2,422,123)
Sales of fixed income securities, available-for-sale451,386 959,248 
Proceeds from commercial mortgage loans3,376 968 
Sales of short-term investments2,908,653 2,543,683 
Redemption and maturities of fixed income securities, held-to-maturity3,204 7,481 
Redemption and maturities of fixed income securities, available-for-sale415,790 227,884 
Sales of equity securities12,252 51,763 
Sales of other investments— 892 
Distributions from alternative investments and other investments11,526 5,130 
Purchases of property and equipment(13,932)(9,549)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities(333,280)(253,564)
Financing Activities  
Dividends to preferred stockholders(4,600)(4,600)
Dividends to common stockholders(41,573)(35,385)
Acquisition of treasury stock(6,728)(7,512)
Net proceeds from stock purchase and compensation plans4,747 4,695 
Proceeds from borrowings— 20,000 
Repayments of borrowings— (20,000)
Repayments of finance lease obligations(1,266)(1,231)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities(49,420)(44,033)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and restricted cash(2,364)(3,951)
Cash and restricted cash, beginning of period13,272 25,209 
Cash and restricted cash, end of period$10,908 21,258 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited interim consolidated financial statements.
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NOTES TO UNAUDITED INTERIM CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 1. Basis of Presentation
The words "Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our” refer to Selective Insurance Group, Inc. (the "Parent") and its subsidiaries, except as expressly indicated or the context requires otherwise. We have prepared our interim unaudited consolidated financial statements (“Financial Statements”) in conformity with (i) United States ("U.S.") generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), and (ii) the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) regarding interim financial reporting. These require management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported financial statement balances and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated in consolidation.

Our Financial Statements reflect all adjustments that, in our opinion, are normal, recurring, and necessary for a fair presentation of our results of operations and financial condition. Our Financial Statements cover the second quarters ended June 30, 2024 (“Second Quarter 2024”) and June 30, 2023 (“Second Quarter 2023”), and the six-month periods ended June 30, 2024 ("Six Months 2024") and June 30, 2023 ("Six Months 2023"). Our Financial Statements do not include all information and disclosures required by GAAP and the SEC for audited annual financial statements. Because interim period results of operations are not necessarily indicative of full-year results, our Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 (“2023 Annual Report”) filed with the SEC.

NOTE 2. Adoption of Accounting Pronouncements 
In June 2022, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2022-03, Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions (“ASU 2022-03”). ASU 2022-03 clarifies that a contractual sales restriction on an equity security is not considered when determining the security's fair value. This ASU was issued to eliminate diversity in practice by clarifying that contractual arrangements restricting an entity's ability to sell the security for a certain period of time is a characteristic of the reporting entity and should not be contemplated when determining the security's fair value. ASU 2022-03 requires new disclosures that provide investors with information about the restriction, including the nature and remaining duration of the restriction. The ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2023, including interim periods within those annual periods. We adopted this guidance on January 1, 2024 and it did not have a material impact to our financial condition, results of operations, or disclosures.

In March 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-02, Investments — Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method ("ASU 2023-02"). This ASU allows companies to elect to account for qualifying tax equity investments, regardless of the tax credit program from which the income tax credits are received, using the proportional amortization method if certain conditions are met. Companies were previously permitted to apply the proportional amortization method only to qualifying tax equity investments in low income housing tax credit structures. ASU 2023-02 extends the application of the proportional amortization method to qualifying tax equity investments that generate tax credits through other programs. It also requires new disclosures that provide a better understanding of the nature of the tax equity investments and the effect the tax equity investments and related income tax credits and other income tax benefits have on a company's financial position and results of operations. The ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2023, including interim periods within those fiscal years. We adopted ASU 2023-02 on January 1, 2024 and it did not have a material impact to our financial condition, results of operations, or disclosures.

Pronouncements to be effective in the future
In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures ("ASU 2023-07"). ASU 2023-07 amends disclosure requirements for segment reporting by modifying and adding disclosure requirements. The additional disclosure requirements include the following on both an interim and annual basis: (i) significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker ("CODM"); (ii) amounts for "other segment items" by reportable segment and a description of its composition; and (iii) the title and position of the CODM and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measure(s) of segment profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. In addition, ASU 2023-07 requires all annual disclosures about a reportable segment’s profit or loss and assets currently required by Topic 280, Segment Reporting, to now be disclosed in interim periods. ASU 2023-07 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. As it only requires additional disclosure, ASU 2023-07 will not have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (“ASU 2023-09”). ASU 2023-09 amends disclosure requirements to provide greater transparency on income taxes. The following additional disclosures
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are required annually: (i) specific required categories in the rate reconciliation, (ii) additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold, (iii) the amount of income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction, and (iv) income tax expense (or benefit) from continuing operations disaggregated by federal, state, and foreign. ASU 2023-09 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Amendments can be applied on a prospective basis; however, retrospective application is permitted. Early adoption is permitted. As it only requires additional disclosure, ASU 2023-09 will not have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations.

NOTE 3. Statements of Cash Flows
Supplemental cash flow information was as follows:

 Six Months ended June 30,
($ in thousands)20242023
Cash paid (received) during the period for:  
Interest$14,209 14,164 
Federal income tax46,000 34,000 
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases3,884 4,038 
Operating cash flows from financing leases65 20 
Financing cash flows from finance leases1,266 1,231 
Non-cash items:
Corporate actions related to fixed income securities, available-for-sale ("AFS")1
10,250 23,150 
Corporate actions related to equity securities1
29,250 — 
Assets acquired under finance lease arrangements5,947 — 
Assets acquired under operating lease arrangements10,257 4,509 
Non-cash purchase of property and equipment9 — 
1Examples of corporate actions include like-kind exchanges, non-cash acquisitions, and stock splits.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash and restricted cash reported within the Consolidated Balance Sheets that equate to the amount reported in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows:

($ in thousands)June 30, 2024December 31, 2023
Cash$160 180 
Restricted cash10,748 13,092 
Total cash and restricted cash shown in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows$10,908 13,272 

Amounts in restricted cash represent cash received from the National Flood Insurance Program ("NFIP") that can only be used to pay flood claims under the Write Your Own program.

NOTE 4. Investments
(a) Information regarding our AFS securities as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, were as follows:

June 30, 2024Cost/
Amortized
Cost		Allowance for Credit LossesUnrealized
Gains		Unrealized
Losses		Fair
Value
($ in thousands)
AFS fixed income securities:
U.S. government and government agencies$170,819 — 56 (19,907)150,968 
Foreign government10,687 (26)— (1,427)9,234 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions558,455 (639)770 (33,151)525,435 
Corporate securities2,987,824 (15,950)17,803 (143,725)2,845,952 
Collateralized loan obligations ("CLO") and other asset-backed securities ("ABS")1,972,687 (3,022)16,359 (69,904)1,916,120 
Residential mortgage-backed securities ("RMBS")
1,624,078 (11,660)2,954 (111,420)1,503,952 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities ("CMBS")755,948 (12)814 (39,378)717,372 
Total AFS fixed income securities$8,080,498 (31,309)38,756 (418,912)7,669,033 

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December 31, 2023Cost/
Amortized
Cost		Allowance for Credit LossesUnrealized
Gains		Unrealized
Losses		Fair
Value
($ in thousands)
AFS fixed income securities:
U.S. government and government agencies$223,157 — 139 (18,261)205,035 
Foreign government11,140 (35)— (1,302)9,803 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions612,938 (669)2,623 (28,927)585,965 
Corporate securities2,834,048 (12,999)28,078 (137,888)2,711,239 
CLO and other ABS1,911,831 (2,854)11,855 (86,005)1,834,827 
RMBS1,568,960 (11,649)6,023 (85,851)1,477,483 
CMBS718,623 (6)1,358 (45,130)674,845 
Total AFS fixed income securities$7,880,697 (28,212)50,076 (403,364)7,499,197 

The following tables provide a roll forward of the allowance for credit losses on our AFS fixed income securities for the indicated periods:

Quarter ended June 30, 2024Beginning BalanceCurrent Provision for Securities without Prior AllowanceInitial Allowance for Purchased Credit Deteriorated Assets with Credit DeteriorationIncrease (Decrease) on Securities with Prior Allowance, excluding intent (or Requirement) to Sell SecuritiesReductions for Securities SoldReductions for Securities Identified as Intent (or Requirement) to Sell during the PeriodEnding Balance
($ in thousands)
Foreign government$29 — — (3)— — 26 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions695 18 — (74)— — 639 
Corporate securities15,442 846 — (126)(212)— 15,950 
CLO and other ABS2,627 271 — 126 (2)— 3,022 
RMBS11,580 — — 171 (91)— 11,660 
CMBS8 — — 4 — — 12 
Total AFS fixed income securities$30,381 1,135 — 98 (305)— 31,309 

Quarter ended June 30, 2023Beginning BalanceCurrent Provision for Securities without Prior AllowanceInitial Allowance for Purchased Credit Deteriorated Assets with Credit DeteriorationIncrease (Decrease) on Securities with Prior Allowance, excluding intent (or Requirement) to Sell SecuritiesReductions for Securities SoldReductions for Securities Identified as Intent (or Requirement) to Sell during the PeriodEnding Balance
($ in thousands)
Foreign government$36 — — (2)— — 34 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions737 67 — (35)— — 769 
Corporate securities16,756 1,438 — (1,070)(939)(36)16,149 
CLO and other ABS3,895 622 — (1,595)(7)— 2,915 
RMBS11,740 1 — (50)(141)— 11,550 
CMBS390 — — (240)(142)— 8 
Total AFS fixed income securities$33,554 2,128 — (2,992)(1,229)(36)31,425 

Six Months ended June 30, 2024Beginning BalanceCurrent Provision for Securities without Prior AllowanceInitial Allowance for Purchased Credit Deteriorated Assets with Credit DeteriorationIncrease (Decrease) on Securities with Prior Allowance, excluding intent (or Requirement) to Sell SecuritiesReductions for Securities SoldReductions for Securities Identified as Intent (or Requirement) to Sell during the PeriodEnding Balance
($ in thousands)
Foreign government$35 — — (3)(6)— 26 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions669 37 — (59)(8)— 639 
Corporate securities12,999 2,362 — 1,166 (568)(9)15,950 
CLO and other ABS2,854 427 — (255)(4)— 3,022 
RMBS11,649 — — 202 (191)— 11,660 
CMBS6 2 — 4 — — 12 
Total AFS fixed income securities$28,212 2,828 — 1,055 (777)(9)31,309 
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Six Months ended June 30, 2023Beginning BalanceCurrent Provision for Securities without Prior AllowanceInitial Allowance for Purchased Credit Deteriorated Assets with Credit DeteriorationIncrease (Decrease) on Securities with Prior Allowance, excluding intent (or Requirement) to Sell SecuritiesReductions for Securities SoldReductions for Securities Identified as Intent (or Requirement) to Sell during the PeriodEnding Balance
($ in thousands)
Foreign government$284 — — (250)— — 34 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions1,024 67 — (239)(83)— 769 
Corporate securities30,330 4,141 — (14,884)(3,387)(51)16,149 
CLO and other ABS2,375 677 — (127)(10)— 2,915 
RMBS11,597 8 — 174 (229)— 11,550 
CMBS111 1 — 39 (143)— 8 
Total AFS fixed income securities$45,721 4,894 — (15,287)(3,852)(51)31,425 

During Six Months 2024 and Six Months 2023, we had no write-offs or recoveries of our AFS fixed income securities.

For information on our methodology and significant inputs used to measure expected credit losses, our accounting policy for recognizing write-offs of uncollectible amounts, and our treatment of accrued interest, refer to Note 2. "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." of our 2023 Annual Report. Accrued interest on AFS securities was $70.1 million as of June 30, 2024, and $64.6 million as of December 31, 2023. We did not record any write-offs of accrued interest in Six Months 2024 and Six Months 2023.

(b) Quantitative information about unrealized losses on our AFS portfolio follows:

June 30, 2024Less than 12 months12 months or longerTotal
($ in thousands)Fair ValueUnrealized
Losses		Fair ValueUnrealized
Losses		Fair ValueUnrealized
Losses
AFS fixed income securities:    
U.S. government and government agencies$33,667 (52)107,306 (19,855)140,973 (19,907)
Foreign government— — 9,234 (1,427)9,234 (1,427)
Obligations of states and political subdivisions128,665 (1,644)329,528 (31,507)458,193 (33,151)
Corporate securities358,779 (3,477)1,477,738 (140,248)1,836,517 (143,725)
CLO and other ABS368,307 (6,432)798,783 (63,472)1,167,090 (69,904)
RMBS385,794 (6,133)878,915 (105,287)1,264,709 (111,420)
CMBS75,052 (779)550,901 (38,599)625,953 (39,378)
Total AFS fixed income securities$1,350,264 (18,517)4,152,405 (400,395)5,502,669 (418,912)

December 31, 2023Less than 12 months12 months or longerTotal
($ in thousands)Fair
Value		Unrealized
Losses		Fair ValueUnrealized
Losses		Fair ValueUnrealized
Losses
AFS fixed income securities:    
U.S. government and government agencies$77,698 (188)108,578 (18,073)186,276 (18,261)
Foreign government1,552 (87)8,251 (1,215)9,803 (1,302)
Obligations of states and political subdivisions137,031 (962)290,964 (27,965)427,995 (28,927)
Corporate securities263,423 (6,369)1,439,422 (131,519)1,702,845 (137,888)
CLO and other ABS278,940 (7,120)984,175 (78,885)1,263,115 (86,005)
RMBS351,976 (4,765)757,914 (81,086)1,109,890 (85,851)
CMBS130,189 (2,995)471,256 (42,135)601,445 (45,130)
Total AFS fixed income securities$1,240,809 (22,486)4,060,560 (380,878)5,301,369 (403,364)

We currently do not intend to sell any of the securities summarized in the tables above, nor do we believe we will be required to sell any of them. Considering these factors and our review of these securities under our credit loss policy as described in Note 2. "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." of our 2023 Annual Report, we have concluded that no additional allowance for credit loss is required on these balances beyond the allowance for credit loss recorded as of June 30, 2024. This conclusion reflects our current judgment about the financial position and future prospects of the entities that issued the investment security and underlying collateral.

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(c) AFS and held-to-maturity ("HTM") fixed income securities at June 30, 2024, by contractual maturity are shown below. The maturities of RMBS, CMBS, CLO and other ABS securities were calculated using each security's estimated average life. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
 
AFSHTM
($ in thousands)Fair ValueCarrying ValueFair Value
Due in one year or less$587,352 820 810 
Due after one year through five years3,507,774 14,209 13,662 
Due after five years through 10 years2,827,999 4,467 4,084 
Due after 10 years745,908 — — 
Total fixed income securities$7,669,033 19,496 18,556 

(d) The following table summarizes our alternative investment portfolio by strategy:

June 30, 2024December 31, 2023
($ in thousands)Carrying ValueRemaining CommitmentMaximum Exposure to LossCarrying ValueRemaining CommitmentMaximum Exposure to Loss
Alternative Investments  
   Private equity$319,236 148,558 467,794 301,759 131,885 433,644 
   Private credit52,106 98,417 150,523 54,500 89,401 143,901 
   Real assets43,438 42,336 85,774 39,520 33,040 72,560 
Total alternative investments$414,780 289,311 704,091 395,779 254,326 650,105 

We are contractually committed to make additional investments up to the remaining commitments stated above. We did not provide any non-contractual financial support during 2024 or 2023.

The following table shows gross summarized financial information for our alternative investments portfolio, including the portion we do not own. As the majority of these investments report results to us on a one quarter lag, the summarized financial statement information is for 3- and 6-month periods ended March 31:

Income Statement InformationQuarter ended June 30,Six Months ended June 30,
($ in millions)2024202320242023
Net investment income (loss)$242.4 (70.6)$(103.6)(141.3)
Realized gains1,554.2 922.0 3,385.1 2,644.3 
Net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation)2,850.2 3,754.0 6,669.2 5,197.8 
Net income$4,646.8 4,605.4 $9,950.7 7,700.8 
Alternative investment income included in "Net investment income earned" on our Consolidated Statements of Income$10.5 11.4 $17.4 19.2 

(e) We have pledged certain AFS fixed income securities as collateral related to our borrowing relationships with the Federal Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis ("FHLBI") and the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York ("FHLBNY"). In addition, we had certain securities on deposit with various state and regulatory agencies at June 30, 2024 to comply with insurance laws. We retain all rights regarding all securities pledged as collateral.

The following table summarizes the market value of these securities at June 30, 2024:

($ in millions)FHLBI CollateralFHLBNY CollateralState and
Regulatory Deposits		Total
U.S. government and government agencies$— — 19.9 19.9 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions— — 4.2 4.2 
RMBS64.2 23.2 — 87.4 
CMBS2.1 8.3 — 10.4 
Total pledged as collateral$66.3 31.5 24.1 121.9 

(f) We did not have exposure to any credit concentration risk of a single issuer greater than 10% of our stockholders' equity, other than to certain U.S. government agencies, as of June 30, 2024, or December 31, 2023.

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(g) The components of pre-tax net investment income earned were as follows:

 Quarter ended June 30,Six Months ended June 30,
($ in thousands)2024202320242023
Fixed income securities$93,935 83,916 $188,037 164,003 
Commercial mortgage loans ("CMLs")3,145 2,199 5,939 4,164 
Equity securities1,877 2,236 6,785 3,441 
Short-term investments4,680 2,892 8,199 7,542 
Alternative investments10,517 11,396 17,398 19,164 
Other investments118 188 381 231 
Investment expenses(5,630)(5,131)(10,248)(9,343)
Net investment income earned$108,642 97,696 $216,491 189,202 

The increase in net investment income earned in Second Quarter 2024 and Six Months 2024 compared to the same prior-year periods was primarily driven by higher interest rates, active portfolio management, and operating and investing cash flow deployment.

(h) The following table summarizes net realized and unrealized investment gains and losses for the periods indicated:

Quarter ended June 30,Six Months ended June 30,
($ in thousands)2024202320242023
Gross gains on sales$4,387 1,156 $6,522 4,940 
Gross losses on sales(1,251)(11,952)(3,216)(24,882)
Net realized gains (losses) on disposals3,136 (10,796)3,306 (19,942)
Net unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities(93)4,925 599 8,173 
Net credit loss benefit (expense) on fixed income securities, AFS(1,233)864 (3,883)10,393 
Net credit loss benefit (expense) on CMLs
(32)(78)136 (61)
Losses on securities for which we have the intent to sell(481)(341)(496)(645)
Net realized and unrealized investment gains (losses)$1,297 (5,426)$(338)(2,082)

Net unrealized gains and losses recognized in income on equity securities, as reflected in the table above, included the following:

Quarter ended June 30,Six Months ended June 30,
($ in thousands)2024202320242023
Unrealized gains (losses) recognized in income on equity securities:
On securities remaining in our portfolio at end of period$2,617 2,784 $2,906 2,685 
On securities sold in period(2,710)2,141 (2,307)5,488 
Total unrealized gains (losses) recognized in income on equity securities$(93)4,925 $599 8,173 

NOTE 5. Fair Value Measurements
The financial assets in our investment portfolio are primarily measured at fair value as disclosed on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The following table presents the carrying amounts and fair values of our financial liabilities as of June 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023:

June 30, 2024December 31, 2023
($ in thousands)Carrying AmountFair ValueCarrying AmountFair Value
Financial Liabilities
Long-term debt:
7.25% Senior Notes
$49,928 51,301 49,926 53,047 
6.70% Senior Notes
99,577 99,393 99,565 104,039 
5.375% Senior Notes
294,574 283,037 294,523 288,787 
3.03% borrowings from FHLBI
60,000 57,638 60,000 57,932 
Subtotal long-term debt504,079 491,369 504,014 503,805 
Unamortized debt issuance costs(2,596)(2,704)
Finance lease obligations7,318 2,636 
Total long-term debt$508,801 503,946 

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For discussion regarding the fair value techniques of our financial instruments, refer to Note 2. "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." of our 2023 Annual Report.

The following tables provide quantitative disclosures of our financial assets that were measured and recorded at fair value at June 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023:

June 30, 2024 Fair Value Measurements Using
($ in thousands)Assets
 Measured at
 Fair Value		Quoted Prices in
Active Markets for
Identical Assets/
Liabilities (Level 1)		Significant Other
 Observable
Inputs
 (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable
 Inputs
 (Level 3)
Description    
Measured on a recurring basis:    
AFS fixed income securities:
U.S. government and government agencies$150,968 33,453 117,515 — 
Foreign government9,234 — 9,234 — 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions525,435 — 517,781 7,654 
Corporate securities2,845,952 — 2,552,239 293,713 
CLO and other ABS1,916,120 — 1,652,400 263,720 
RMBS1,503,952 — 1,499,066 4,886 
CMBS717,372 — 717,023 349 
Total AFS fixed income securities7,669,033 33,453 7,065,258 570,322 
Equity securities:
Common stock1
190,141 34,815 — 1,067 
Preferred stock1,823 1,823 — — 
Total equity securities191,964 36,638 — 1,067 
Short-term investments417,346 400,906 16,440 — 
Total assets measured at fair value$8,278,343 470,997 7,081,698 571,389 

December 31, 2023 Fair Value Measurements Using
($ in thousands)Assets
 Measured at
 Fair Value		Quoted Prices in
 Active Markets for
Identical Assets/Liabilities
(Level 1)		Significant
Other Observable Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant Unobservable
Inputs
 (Level 3)
Description    
Measured on a recurring basis:    
AFS fixed income securities:
U.S. government and government agencies$205,035 34,056 170,979 — 
Foreign government9,803 — 9,803 — 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions585,965 — 578,131 7,834 
Corporate securities2,711,239 — 2,413,907 297,332 
CLO and other ABS1,834,827 — 1,589,514 245,313 
RMBS1,477,483 — 1,477,483 — 
CMBS674,845 — 674,489 356 
Total AFS fixed income securities7,499,197 34,056 6,914,306 550,835 
Equity securities:
Common stock1
185,339 20,582 — 854 
Preferred stock1,816 1,816 — — 
Total equity securities187,155 22,398 — 854 
Short-term investments309,317 308,512 805 — 
Total assets measured at fair value$7,995,669 364,966 6,915,111 551,689 
1Investments amounting to $154.3 million at June 30, 2024, and $163.9 million at December 31, 2023, were measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its practical expedient) and have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. These investments are not redeemable and the timing of liquidations of the underlying assets is unknown at each reporting period. The fair value amounts in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to total assets measured at fair value.

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The following tables provide a summary of Level 3 changes in Six Months 2024 and Six Months 2023:

June 30, 2024
($ in thousands)Obligations of States and Political SubdivisionsCorporate SecuritiesCLO and Other ABSRMBSCMBSCommon StockTotal
Fair value, December 31, 2023
$7,834 297,332 245,313 — 356 854 551,689 
Total net gains (losses) for the period included in:
Other comprehensive income (loss) ("OCI")(112)1,203 969 — (2)— 2,058 
   Net realized and unrealized gains (losses)— 218 39 — — 213 470 
Net investment income earned— (494)(7)— (1)— (502)
Purchases— 5,261 30,119 4,886 — — 40,266 
Sales— — — — — — — 
Issuances— — — — — — — 
Settlements(68)(7,269)(4,726)— (4)— (12,067)
Transfers into Level 3— 28,896 19,537 — — — 48,433 
Transfers out of Level 3— (31,434)(27,524)— — — (58,958)
Fair value, June 30, 2024
$7,654 293,713 263,720 4,886 349 1,067 571,389 
Change in unrealized gains (losses) for the period included in earnings for assets held at period end— 226 39 — — 213 478 
Change in unrealized gains (losses) for the period included in OCI for assets held at period end(112)850 969 — (2)— 1,705 

June 30, 2023
($ in thousands)Obligation of state and Political SubdivisionsCorporate SecuritiesCLO and Other ABSCMBSCommon StockTotal
Fair value, December 31, 2022
$6,661 187,980 153,342 375 897 349,255 
Total net gains (losses) for the period included in:
OCI(7)1,857 (1,168)64 — 746 
   Net realized and unrealized gains (losses)62 251 17 — (235)95 
Net investment income earned— 112 (20)(263)— (171)
Purchases— 58,586 39,713 — — 98,299 
Sales— — — — — — 
Issuances— — — — — — 
Settlements— (5,535)(3,153)(21)— (8,709)
Transfers into Level 3— 2,238 14,148 2,848 — 19,234 
Transfers out of Level 3— — (953)(2,626)— (3,579)
Fair value, June 30, 2023
$6,716 245,489 201,926 377 662 455,170 
Change in unrealized gains (losses) for the period included in earnings for assets held at period end62 251 17 — (235)95 
Change in unrealized gains (losses) for the period included in OCI for assets held at period end(7)1,846 (1,168)64 — 735 

The following tables present quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurements of Level 3 assets at June 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023:

June 30, 2024
($ in thousands)Assets Measured at Fair ValueValuation TechniquesUnobservable InputsRange Weighted Average
Internal valuations:
Corporate securities$154,075 
Discounted Cash Flow
Illiquidity Spread
(4.4)% - 5.3%
1.8%
CLO and other ABS158,660 
Discounted Cash Flow
Illiquidity Spread
0.01% - 19.6%
2.5%
Total internal valuations312,735 
Other1
258,654 
Total Level 3 securities$571,389 

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December 31, 2023
($ in thousands)Assets Measured at Fair ValueValuation TechniquesUnobservable InputsRangeWeighted Average
Internal valuations:
Corporate securities$135,524 Discounted Cash FlowIlliquidity Spread
(4.4)% - 5.3%
1.9%
CLO and other ABS127,210 Discounted Cash FlowIlliquidity Spread
0.01% - 19.6%
2.4%
Total internal valuations262,734 
Other1
288,955 
Total Level 3 securities$551,689 
1Other is comprised of broker quotes or other third-party pricing for which there is a lack of transparency into the inputs used to develop the valuations. The quantitative details of these unobservable inputs are neither provided to us, nor reasonably available to us, and therefore are not included in the tables above.

For the securities in the tables above valued using a discounted cash flow analysis, we apply an illiquidity spread in our determination of fair value. An increase in this assumption would result in a lower fair value measurement.

The following tables provide quantitative information about our financial assets and liabilities that were not measured at fair value, but were disclosed as such at June 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023:

June 30, 2024 Fair Value Measurements Using
($ in thousands)Assets/
Liabilities
Disclosed at
Fair Value		Quoted Prices in
 Active Markets for
 Identical Assets/
Liabilities
(Level 1)		Significant Other
Observable Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Financial Assets    
HTM:    
Corporate securities$18,556 — 18,556 — 
Total HTM fixed income securities18,556 — 18,556 — 
CMLs$209,041 — — 209,041 
Financial Liabilities    
Long-term debt:
7.25% Senior Notes
$51,301 — 51,301 — 
6.70% Senior Notes
99,393 — 99,393 — 
5.375% Senior Notes
283,037 — 283,037 — 
3.03% borrowings from FHLBI
57,638 — 57,638 — 
Total long-term debt$491,369 — 491,369 — 

December 31, 2023 Fair Value Measurements Using
($ in thousands)Assets/
Liabilities
Disclosed at
Fair Value		Quoted Prices in
 Active Markets for
 Identical Assets/
Liabilities
(Level 1)		Significant Other
Observable Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Financial Assets    
HTM:    
Corporate securities$21,923 — 21,923 — 
Total HTM fixed income securities21,923 — 21,923 — 
CMLs$178,913 — — 178,913 
Financial Liabilities    
Long-term debt:
7.25% Senior Notes
$53,047 — 53,047 — 
6.70% Senior Notes
104,039 — 104,039 — 
5.375% Senior Notes
288,787 — 288,787 — 
3.03% borrowings from FHLBI
57,932 — 57,932 — 
Total long-term debt$503,805 — 503,805 — 

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NOTE 6. Allowance for Credit Losses on Premiums Receivable
The following table provides a roll forward of the allowance for credit losses on our premiums receivable balance for the indicated periods:

Quarter ended June 30,Six Months ended June 30,
($ in thousands)2024202320242023
Balance at beginning of period$20,000 17,100 $18,900 16,100 
Current period change for expected credit losses2,488 1,515 4,272 3,425 
Write-offs charged against the allowance for credit losses(1,720)(1,047)(2,776)(2,211)
Recoveries332 332 704 586 
Allowance for credit losses, end of period$21,100 17,900 $21,100 17,900 

For a discussion of the methodology used to evaluate our estimate of expected credit losses on premiums receivable, refer to Note 2. "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." of our 2023 Annual Report.

NOTE 7. Reinsurance
We evaluate and monitor the financial condition of our reinsurers under voluntary reinsurance arrangements to minimize our exposure to significant losses from reinsurer insolvencies. The following tables provide (i) a disaggregation of our reinsurance recoverable balance by financial strength rating, and (ii) an aging analysis of our past due reinsurance recoverable balances as of June 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023:

June 30, 2024
($ in thousands)CurrentPast DueTotal Reinsurance Recoverables
Financial strength rating of rated reinsurers
A++$83,944 671 84,615 
A+392,094 566 392,660 
A116,631 1,113 117,744 
A-4,991 89 5,080 
Total rated reinsurers597,660 2,439 600,099 
Non-rated reinsurers
Federal and state pools83,241 — 83,241 
Other than federal and state pools3,785 163 3,948 
Total non-rated reinsurers87,026 163 87,189 
Total reinsurance recoverable, gross$684,686 2,602 687,288 
Less: allowance for credit losses(1,700)
Total reinsurance recoverable, net685,588 

December 31, 2023
($ in thousands)CurrentPast DueTotal Reinsurance Recoverables
Financial strength rating of rated reinsurers
A++$82,466 21 82,487 
A+371,132 2,887 374,019 
A111,883 1,380 113,263 
A-3,596 89 3,685 
Total rated reinsurers569,077 4,377 573,454 
Non-rated reinsurers
Federal and state pools80,506 — 80,506 
Other than federal and state pools4,488 77 4,565 
Total non-rated reinsurers84,994 77 85,071 
Total reinsurance recoverable, gross$654,071 4,454 658,525 
Less: allowance for credit losses(1,700)
Total reinsurance recoverable, net656,825 


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The following table provides a roll forward of the allowance for credit losses on our reinsurance recoverable balance for the periods indicated:

Quarter ended June 30,Six Months ended June 30,
($ in thousands)
2024202320242023
Balance at beginning of period$1,700 2,300 $1,700 1,600 
Current period change for expected credit losses— (500)— 200 
Write-offs charged against the allowance for credit losses— — — — 
Recoveries— — — — 
Allowance for credit losses, end of period$1,700 1,800 $1,700 1,800 

For a discussion of the methodology used to evaluate our estimate of expected credit losses on our reinsurance recoverable balance, refer to Note 2. "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." of our 2023 Annual Report.

The following table lists direct, assumed, and ceded reinsurance amounts for premiums written, premiums earned, and loss and loss expense incurred for the indicated periods. For more information about reinsurance, refer to Note 9. “Reinsurance” in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” of our 2023 Annual Report.

Quarter ended June 30,Six Months ended June 30,
($ in thousands)2024202320242023
Premiums written:    
Direct$1,399,738 1,232,496 $2,715,649 2,365,256 
Assumed6,413 5,577 12,398 10,971 
Ceded(180,050)(153,166)(345,325)(291,552)
Net1,226,101 1,084,907 2,382,722 2,084,675 
Premiums earned:    
Direct1,242,696 1,073,498 2,448,064 2,105,726 
Assumed5,779 5,968 11,970 12,258 
Ceded(168,244)(137,316)(328,859)(273,498)
Net1,080,231 942,150 2,131,175 1,844,486 
Loss and loss expense incurred:
    
Direct1,009,819 698,994 1,763,386 1,312,223 
Assumed5,058 5,678 11,039 10,933 
Ceded(89,329)(58,542)(144,585)(109,588)
Net$925,548 646,130 $1,629,840 1,213,568 

The increase in direct loss and loss expense incurred in Second Quarter 2024 and Six Months 2024 compared to the same prior-year periods was primarily due to (i) unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development of $176.0 million in Second Quarter 2024, compared to $3.5 million of favorable development in Second Quarter 2023, and (ii) unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development of $211.0 million in Six Months 2024, compared to $16.5 million of favorable development in Six Months 2023.

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NOTE 8. Reserve for Loss and Loss Expense
The table below provides a roll forward of the reserve for loss and loss expense for beginning and ending reserve balances:

Six Months ended June 30,
($ in thousands)20242023
Gross reserve for loss and loss expense, at beginning of period$5,336,911 5,144,821 
Less: reinsurance recoverable on unpaid loss and loss expense, at beginning of period618,601 757,513 
Net reserve for loss and loss expense, at beginning of period4,718,310 4,387,308 
Incurred loss and loss expense for claims occurring in the:  
Current year1,442,719 1,221,635 
Prior years187,121 (8,067)
Total incurred loss and loss expense1,629,840 1,213,568 
Paid loss and loss expense for claims occurring in the:  
Current year347,501 320,026 
Prior years753,658 720,314 
Total paid loss and loss expense1,101,159 1,040,340 
Net reserve for loss and loss expense, at end of period5,246,991 4,560,536 
Add: Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid loss and loss expense, at end of period656,534 616,487 
Gross reserve for loss and loss expense, at end of period$5,903,525 5,177,023 

Prior year reserve development in Six Months 2024 was unfavorable by $187.1 million, consisting of $211.0 million of unfavorable casualty reserve development, partially offset by $23.9 million of favorable property reserve development. The unfavorable casualty reserve development was driven by our Standard Commercial Lines segment, which included (i) $216.0 million in our general liability line of business, primarily driven by increased severities in accident years 2020 through 2023, (ii) $10.0 million in our commercial automobile line of business, partially offset by (iii) $15.0 million of favorable casualty reserve development in our workers compensation line of business.

Additionally, in our Standard Personal Lines segment, we had unfavorable casualty reserve development of $5.0 million in our personal automobile line of business, offset by favorable development of $5.0 million in our homeowners line of business.

Prior year reserve development in Six Months 2023 was favorable by $8.1 million, consisting of $16.5 million of favorable casualty reserve development, partially offset by $8.4 million of unfavorable property reserve development. The favorable casualty reserve development included $17.5 million in our workers compensation line of business and $5.0 million in our Excess and Surplus ("E&S") casualty lines of business, partially offset by $6.0 million of unfavorable casualty reserve development in our personal automobile line of business.

NOTE 9. Segment Information
We evaluate the results of our four reportable segments as follows:

•Our Standard Commercial Lines, Standard Personal Lines, and E&S Lines are evaluated on (i) before and after-tax underwriting results (net premiums earned, incurred loss and loss expense, policyholder dividends, policy acquisition costs, and other underwriting expenses), (ii) their return on equity ("ROE") contribution, and (iii) their combined ratios.

•Our Investments segment is primarily evaluated on after-tax net investment income and its ROE contribution. After-tax net realized and unrealized gains and losses are also included in our Investments segment results.

In computing each segment's results, we do not make adjustments for interest expense or corporate expenses. No segment has a separate investment portfolio or allocated assets.

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The following summaries present revenues (net investment income and net realized and unrealized gains and losses on investments in the case of the Investments segment) and pre-tax income for the individual segments:

Revenue by SegmentQuarter ended June 30,Six Months ended June 30,
($ in thousands)2024202320242023
Standard Commercial Lines:  
Net premiums earned:  
General liability$280,097 254,510 $553,512 497,859 
Commercial automobile260,652 225,067 512,372 442,438 
Commercial property168,511 141,348 330,064 276,640 
Workers compensation82,316 88,746 170,093 172,930 
Businessowners' policies41,641 34,385 81,562 67,556 
Bonds12,468 11,619 24,556 23,016 
Other7,808 7,034 15,444 13,885 
Miscellaneous income5,214 5,568 12,348 7,749 
Total Standard Commercial Lines revenue858,707 768,277 1,699,951 1,502,073 
Standard Personal Lines:
Net premiums earned:
Personal automobile57,544 48,230 114,504 93,144 
Homeowners46,055 36,902 90,168 71,915 
Other2,822 2,038 5,595 3,981 
Miscellaneous income594 536 1,235 989 
Total Standard Personal Lines revenue107,015 87,706 211,502 170,029 
E&S Lines:
Net premiums earned:
Casualty lines73,887 62,151 145,525 122,968 
Property lines46,430 30,120 87,780 58,154 
Miscellaneous income27 — 53 — 
Total E&S Lines revenue120,344 92,271 233,358 181,122 
Investments:    
Net investment income earned108,642 97,696 216,491 189,202 
Net realized and unrealized investment gains (losses)1,297 (5,426)(338)(2,082)
Total Investments revenue109,939 92,270 216,153 187,120 
Total revenues $1,196,005 1,040,524 $2,360,964 2,040,344 

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Income (Loss) Before and After Federal Income Tax
Quarter ended June 30,Six Months ended June 30,
($ in thousands)2024202320242023
Standard Commercial Lines:  
Underwriting income (loss), before federal income tax$(160,881)22,146 $(150,500)61,067 
Underwriting income (loss), after federal income tax(127,096)17,495 (118,895)48,243 
Combined ratio118.8 %97.1 108.9 95.9 
ROE contribution(18.4)2.8 (8.6)4.1 
Standard Personal Lines:
Underwriting income (loss), before federal income tax$(19,301)(23,060)$(24,636)(36,133)
Underwriting income (loss), after federal income tax(15,248)(18,217)(19,462)(28,545)
Combined ratio118.1 %126.5 111.7 121.4 
ROE contribution(2.2)(2.9)(1.4)(2.4)
E&S Lines:
Underwriting income (loss), before federal income tax$6,501 (612)$20,486 12,723 
Underwriting income (loss), after federal income tax5,136 (483)16,184 10,051 
Combined ratio94.6 %100.7 91.2 93.0 
ROE contribution0.7 (0.1)1.2 0.8 
Investments:  
Net investment income earned$108,642 97,696 $216,491 189,202 
Net realized and unrealized investment gains (losses)1,297 (5,426)(338)(2,082)
Total investments segment income, before federal income tax109,939 92,270 216,153 187,120 
Tax on investments segment income22,652 18,745 44,518 37,901 
Total investments segment income, after federal income tax$87,287 73,525 $171,635 149,219 
ROE contribution of after-tax net investment income earned12.5 12.6 12.5 12.5 

Reconciliation of Segment Results to Income (Loss) Before Federal Income Tax
Quarter ended June 30,Six Months ended June 30,
($ in thousands)2024202320242023
Underwriting income (loss)
Standard Commercial Lines$(160,881)22,146 $(150,500)61,067 
Standard Personal Lines(19,301)(23,060)(24,636)(36,133)
E&S Lines6,501 (612)20,486 12,723 
Investment income109,939 92,270 216,153 187,120 
Total all segments(63,742)90,744 61,503 224,777 
Interest expense(7,202)(7,258)(14,383)(14,424)
Corporate expenses(9,154)(9,329)(24,652)(21,437)
Income (loss), before federal income tax
$(80,098)74,157 $22,468 188,916 
Preferred stock dividends(2,300)(2,300)(4,600)(4,600)
Income (loss) available to common stockholders, before federal income tax
$(82,398)71,857 $17,868 184,316 

NOTE 10. Retirement Plans
The primary pension plan for our employees is the Retirement Income Plan for Selective Insurance Company of America (the “Pension Plan”). The plan is closed to new entrants, and benefits ceased accruing under the Pension Plan after March 31, 2016. For more information about Selective Insurance Company of America's ("SICA") retirement plans, see Note 15. “Retirement Plans” in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” of our 2023 Annual Report.

The following tables provide information about the Pension Plan:

Pension Plan
Quarter ended June 30,Six Months ended June 30,
($ in thousands)2024202320242023
Net Periodic Pension Cost (Benefit):
Interest cost$3,888 3,866 $7,776 7,732 
Expected return on plan assets(5,383)(5,772)(10,765)(11,545)
Amortization of unrecognized net actuarial loss955 750 1,910 1,501 
Total net periodic pension cost (benefit)1
$(540)(1,156)$(1,079)(2,312)
1The components of net periodic pension cost (benefit) are included within "Loss and loss expense incurred" and "Other insurance expenses" on the Consolidated Statements of Income.
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Pension Plan
Six Months ended June 30,
20242023
Weighted-Average Expense Assumptions:
Discount rate5.02 %5.21 %
Effective interest rate for calculation of interest cost4.91 5.09 
Expected return on plan assets6.40 6.90 

NOTE 11. Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The components of comprehensive income (loss), both gross and net of tax, for Second Quarter 2024 and Six Months 2024 and Second Quarter 2023 and Six Months 2023 were as follows:

Second Quarter 2024   
($ in thousands)GrossTaxNet
Net income (loss)
$(80,098)(16,779)(63,319)
Components of OCI:   
Unrealized gains (losses) on investment securities:
   
Unrealized holding gains (losses) during the period(8,347)(1,753)(6,594)
Unrealized gains (losses) on securities with credit loss recognized in earnings(3,705)(778)(2,927)
Amounts reclassified into net income (loss):
Net realized (gains) losses on disposals and intent-to-sell AFS securities43 10 33 
Credit loss (benefit) expense1,233 258 975 
    Total unrealized gains (losses) on investment securities(10,776)(2,263)(8,513)
Defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans:   
Amounts reclassified into net income (loss):
   
Net actuarial (gain) loss967 203 764 
    Total defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans967 203 764 
Other comprehensive income (loss)(9,809)(2,060)(7,749)
Comprehensive income (loss)$(89,907)(18,839)(71,068)
Second Quarter 2023   
($ in thousands)GrossTaxNet
Net income (loss)
$74,157 15,549 58,608 
Components of OCI:   
Unrealized gains (losses) on investment securities:   
Unrealized holding gains (losses) during the period(60,681)(12,744)(47,937)
Unrealized gains (losses) on securities with credit loss recognized in earnings(6,030)(1,266)(4,764)
Amounts reclassified into net income (loss):
Net realized (gains) losses on disposals and intent-to-sell AFS securities9,383 1,970 7,413 
Credit loss (benefit) expense(864)(181)(683)
    Total unrealized gains (losses) on investment securities(58,192)(12,221)(45,971)
Defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans:   
Amounts reclassified into net income (loss):
   
Net actuarial (gain) loss757 159 598 
    Total defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans757 159 598 
Other comprehensive income (loss)(57,435)(12,062)(45,373)
Comprehensive income (loss)$16,722 3,487 13,235 
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Six Months 2024
($ in thousands)GrossTaxNet
Net income (loss)
$22,468 3,269 19,199 
Components of OCI:
Unrealized gains (losses) on investment securities:
Unrealized holding gains (losses) during the period(23,907)(5,020)(18,887)
Unrealized gains (losses) on securities with credit loss recognized in earnings(6,837)(1,436)(5,401)
Amounts reclassified into net income (loss):
Net realized (gains) losses on disposals and intent-to-sell AFS securities(35)(7)(28)
Credit loss (benefit) expense3,883 815 3,068 
Total unrealized gains (losses) on investment securities(26,896)(5,648)(21,248)
Defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans:
Amounts reclassified into net income (loss):
Net actuarial (gain) loss1,934 406 1,528 
Total defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans1,934 406 1,528 
Other comprehensive income (loss)(24,962)(5,242)(19,720)
Comprehensive income (loss)$(2,494)(1,973)(521)
Six Months 2023
($ in thousands)GrossTaxNet
Net income (loss)
$188,916 37,734 151,182 
Components of OCI:
Unrealized gains (losses) on investment securities:
Unrealized holding gains (losses) during the period5,244 1,102 4,142 
Unrealized gains (losses) on securities with credit loss recognized in earnings16,401 3,444 12,957 
Amounts reclassified into net income (loss):
Net realized (gains) losses on disposals and intent-to-sell AFS securities15,487 3,252 12,235 
Credit loss (benefit) expense(10,393)(2,183)(8,210)
Total unrealized gains (losses) on investment securities26,739 5,615 21,124 
Defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans:
Amounts reclassified into net income (loss):
Net actuarial (gain) loss1,514 318 1,196 
Total defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans1,514 318 1,196 
Other comprehensive income (loss)28,253 5,933 22,320 
Comprehensive income (loss)$217,169 43,667 173,502 

The balances of, and changes in, each component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) ("AOCI") (net of taxes) as of June 30, 2024, were as follows:

June 30, 2024Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investment SecuritiesDefined Benefit Pension and Post-Retirement PlansTotal AOCI
($ in thousands)
Credit Loss Related1
All
Other		Investments
Subtotal
Balance, December 31, 2023
$(84,442)(194,628)(279,070)(93,931)(373,001)
OCI before reclassifications(5,401)(18,887)(24,288)— (24,288)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI3,068 (28)3,040 1,528 4,568 
Net current period OCI(2,333)(18,915)(21,248)1,528 (19,720)
Balance, June 30, 2024
$(86,775)(213,543)(300,318)(92,403)(392,721)
1Represents change in unrealized gains (losses) on securities with credit loss recognized in earnings.















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The reclassifications out of AOCI were as follows:

Quarter ended June 30,Six Months ended June 30,Affected Line Item in the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Income
($ in thousands)2024202320242023
Net realized (gains) losses on disposals and intent-to-sell AFS securities
Net realized (gains) losses
$43 9,383 $(35)15,487 Net realized and unrealized investment gains (losses)
Tax (benefit) expense
(10)(1,970)7 (3,252)Total federal income tax expense (benefit)
Net of taxes
33 7,413 (28)12,235 Net income (loss)
Credit loss related
Credit loss (benefit) expense1,233 (864)3,883 (10,393)Net realized and unrealized investment gains (losses)
Tax (benefit) expense
(258)181 (815)2,183 Total federal income tax expense (benefit)
Net of taxes
975 (683)3,068 (8,210)Net income (loss)
Defined benefit pension and post-retirement life plans
Net actuarial loss 223 173 445 348 Loss and loss expense incurred
Net actuarial loss744 584 1,489 1,166 Other insurance expenses
Total
967 757 1,934 1,514 Income (loss) before federal income tax
Tax (benefit) expense(203)(159)(406)(318)Total federal income tax expense (benefit)
Net of taxes764 598 1,528 1,196 Net income (loss)
Total reclassifications for the period$1,772 7,328 $4,568 5,221 Net income (loss)

NOTE 12. Earnings per Common Share
The following table presents the calculations of earnings per common share ("EPS") on a basic and diluted basis:

Quarter ended June 30,Six Months ended June 30,
(in thousands, except per share amounts)2024202320242023
Net income (loss) available to common stockholders:
$(65,619)56,308 $14,599 146,582 
Weighted average common shares outstanding:
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic60,89760,61460,86260,575
Effect of dilutive securities - stock compensation plans— 323382343
Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted60,89760,93761,24460,918
EPS:
Basic$(1.08)0.93 $0.24 2.42 
Diluted(1.08)0.92 0.24 2.41 

There were 0.4 million common stock equivalents related to our stock compensation plans in Second Quarter 2024 that were not included in the computation of diluted EPS, as we recorded a net loss available to common stockholders in the quarter and the effect of these items would have been anti-dilutive to our EPS computation.

NOTE 13. Litigation
As of June 30, 2024, we do not believe we are involved in any legal action that could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

In the ordinary course of conducting business, we are parties in various legal actions. Most are claims litigation involving our ten insurance subsidiaries (collectively referred to as "Insurance Subsidiaries") as (i) liability insurers defending or providing indemnity for third-party claims brought against our customers, (ii) insurers defending first-party coverage claims brought against them, or (iii) liability insurers seeking declaratory judgment on our insurance coverage obligations. We account for such activity by establishing unpaid loss and loss expense reserves. Considering potential losses and defense costs reserves, we expect that any potential ultimate liability for ordinary course claims litigation will not be material to our consolidated financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

All our commercial property and businessowners' policies require direct physical loss of or damage to property by a covered cause of loss. All our standard lines commercial property and businessowners' policies also include or attach an exclusion that states all loss or property damage caused by or resulting from any virus, bacterium, or other microorganism that induces or is capable of inducing physical distress, illness, or disease is not a covered cause of loss ("Virus Exclusion"). Whether COVID-19-related contamination, the existence of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the resulting COVID-19-related government
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shutdown orders cause physical loss of or damage to property is the subject of much public debate and first-party coverage litigation against some insurers, including us. The Virus Exclusion is also the subject of first-party coverage litigation against some insurers, including us. To date, insurers (including us) have prevailed in the majority of these suits, with most decisions holding that COVID-19 does not cause physical loss of or damage to property and the Virus Exclusion is valid. Nonetheless, these two matters continue to be litigated in trial courts, are subject to review by state and federal appellate courts, and their ultimate outcome cannot be assured.

From time to time, our Insurance Subsidiaries also are named as defendants in other legal actions, some asserting claims for substantial amounts. Plaintiffs may style these actions as class actions and seek judicial certification of a state or national class for allegations involving our business practices, such as improper medical provider reimbursement under workers compensation and personal and commercial automobile insurance policies or improper reimbursement for automobile parts. Similarly, our Insurance Subsidiaries can be named defendants in individual actions seeking extra-contractual damages, punitive damages, or penalties, often alleging bad faith in handling insurance claims. We believe that we have valid defenses to these allegations and account for such activity by establishing unpaid loss and loss expense reserves. Considering estimated losses and defense costs reserves, we expect that any potential ultimate liability for these other legal actions will not be material to our consolidated financial condition. Litigation outcomes are inherently unpredictable and the amounts sought in certain actions are large or indeterminate, so adverse outcomes could potentially have a material adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations or cash flows in particular quarterly or annual periods.

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

Forward-Looking Statements
The terms "Company," "we," "us," and "our" refer to Selective Insurance Group, Inc. (the "Parent"), and its subsidiaries, except as expressly indicated or the context otherwise requires. Certain statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including information incorporated by reference, are “forward-looking statements” defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 ("PSLRA"). The PSLRA provides a forward-looking statement safe harbor under the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. These statements discuss our intentions, beliefs, projections, estimations, or forecasts of future events and financial performance. They involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may cause our or our industry's actual results, activity levels, or performance to materially differ from those in or implied by the forward-looking statements. In some cases, forward-looking statements include the words "may," "will," "could," "would," "should," "expect," "plan," "anticipate," "attribute," "confident," "strong," "target," "project," "intend," "believe," "estimate," "predict," "potential," "pro forma," "seek," "likely," "continue," or comparable terms. Our forward-looking statements are only predictions; we cannot guarantee or assure that such expectations will prove correct. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements for any reason except as may be required by law.

We discuss the factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from our projections, forecasts, or estimates in forward-looking statements in Item 1A. "Risk Factors." in Part II. "Other Information" of this Form 10-Q. These risk factors may not be exhaustive. We operate in a constantly changing business environment, and new risk factors may emerge at any time. We can neither predict these new risk factors nor assess their impact, if any, on our businesses or the extent to which any factor or combination of factors may cause actual results to differ materially from any forward-looking statements. Given these risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, the forward-looking events we discuss in this report might not occur.

Introduction
We classify our business into four reportable segments:

•Standard Commercial Lines;
•Standard Personal Lines;
•Excess and Surplus Lines ("E&S Lines"); and
•Investments.

For more details about these segments, refer to Note 9. "Segment Information" in Item 1. "Financial Statements." of this Form 10-Q and Note 12. "Segment Information" in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 ("2023 Annual Report").

We write our Standard Commercial and Standard Personal Lines products and services through nine of our insurance subsidiaries, some of which participate in the federal government's National Flood Insurance Program's ("NFIP") Write Your Own Program. We write our E&S products through another subsidiary, Mesa Underwriters Specialty Insurance Company, a
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nationally-authorized non-admitted platform for customers who generally cannot obtain coverage in the standard marketplace. Collectively, we refer to our ten insurance subsidiaries as the "Insurance Subsidiaries."

The following is Management’s Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”) of our financial condition and consolidated results of operations, including an evaluation of the amounts and certainty of cash flows from operations and outside sources, trends, and uncertainties that may have a material impact in future periods. Investors should read the MD&A in conjunction with Item 1. "Financial Statements." of this Form 10-Q and the consolidated financial statements in our 2023 Annual Report filed with the United States ("U.S.") Securities and Exchange Commission.

In the MD&A, we will discuss and analyze the following:

•Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates;
•Financial Highlights of Results for the second quarters ended June 30, 2024 (“Second Quarter 2024”) and June 30, 2023 (“Second Quarter 2023”); and the six-month periods ended June 30, 2024 ("Six Months 2024") and June 30, 2023 ("Six Months 2023");
•Results of Operations and Related Information by Segment;
•Federal Income Taxes;
•Liquidity and Capital Resources; and
•Ratings.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our unaudited interim consolidated financial statements include amounts for which we have made informed estimates and judgments for transactions not yet completed. Such estimates and judgments affect the reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements. As outlined in our 2023 Annual Report, those estimates and judgments most critical to the preparation of the consolidated financial statements involved the following: (i) reserve for loss and loss expense; (ii) investment valuation and the allowance for credit losses on available-for-sale ("AFS") fixed income securities; and (iii) reinsurance. These estimates and judgments require our use of assumptions about highly uncertain matters, making them subject to change as facts and circumstances develop. If different estimates and judgments had been applied, materially different amounts might have been reported in the financial statements. For additional information regarding our critical accounting policies and estimates, refer to pages 39 through 47 of our 2023 Annual Report.

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Financial Highlights of Results for Second Quarter and Six Months 2024 and Second Quarter and Six Months 20231

($ and shares in thousands, except per share amounts)Quarter ended June 30,Change
% or Points		Six Months ended June 30,Change
% or Points
20242023 20242023
Financial Data:
Revenues$1,196,005 1,040,524 15 %$2,360,964 2,040,344 16 %
After-tax net investment income86,262 77,812 11  171,902 150,864 14  
After-tax underwriting income (loss)
(137,208)(1,206)11,277 (122,174)29,749 (511)
Net income (loss) before federal income tax
(80,098)74,157 (208)22,468 188,916 (88)
Net income (loss)
(63,319)58,608 (208)19,199 151,182 (87)
Net income (loss) available to common stockholders
(65,619)56,308 (217)14,599 146,582 (90)
Key Metrics:
Combined ratio116.1 100.2 15.9 pts107.3 98.0 9.3 pts
Invested assets per dollar of common stockholders' equity$3.31 3.29 1 %$3.31 3.29 1 %
Annualized after-tax yield on investment portfolio3.9 3.9 — pts3.9 3.8 0.1 pts
Return on common equity ("ROE")(9.5)9.1 (18.6)1.1 12.1 (11.0)
Net premiums written ("NPW") to statutory surplus
$1.64 1.52 8 
%
1.64 1.52 8 
%
Per Common Share Amounts:
Diluted net income (loss) per share
$(1.08)0.92 (217)%$0.24 2.41 (90)%
Book value per share44.74 40.81 10 44.74 40.81 10 
Dividends declared per share to common stockholders0.35 0.30 17 0.70 0.60 17 
Non-GAAP Information:
Non-GAAP operating income (loss)2
$(66,644)60,595 (210)%$14,866 148,227 (90)%
Non-GAAP operating income (loss) per diluted common share2
(1.10)0.99 (211)0.24 2.44 (90)
Non-GAAP operating ROE2
(9.6)9.8 (19.4)pts1.1 12.2 (11.1)pts
Adjusted book value per common share2
$49.67 47.34 5 %$49.67 47.34 5 %
1Refer to the Glossary of Terms attached to our 2023 Annual Report as Exhibit 99.1 for definitions of terms used in this Form 10-Q.
2Non-GAAP operating income (loss), non-GAAP operating income (loss) per diluted common share, and non-GAAP operating ROE are measures comparable to net income (loss) available to common stockholders, net income (loss) available to common stockholders per diluted common share, and ROE, respectively, but exclude after-tax net realized and unrealized gains and losses on investments included in net income (loss). Adjusted book value per common share is a measure comparable to book value per common share, but excludes total after-tax unrealized gains and losses on investments included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). These non-GAAP measures are important financial measures used by us, analysts, and investors because the timing of realized and unrealized investment gains and losses on securities in any given period is largely discretionary. In addition, net realized and unrealized investment gains and losses on investments could distort the analysis of trends.

Reconciliations of our GAAP to non-GAAP measures are provided in the tables below:

Reconciliation of net income (loss) available to common stockholders to non-GAAP operating income (loss)
Quarter ended June 30,Six Months ended June 30,
($ in thousands)2024202320242023
Net income (loss) available to common stockholders
$(65,619)56,308 $14,599 146,582 
Net realized and unrealized investment (gains) losses included in net income (loss), before tax
(1,297)5,426 338 2,082 
Tax on reconciling items272 (1,139)(71)(437)
Non-GAAP operating income (loss)
$(66,644)60,595 $14,866 148,227 

Reconciliation of net income (loss) available to common stockholders per diluted common share to non-GAAP operating income (loss) per diluted common share
Quarter ended June 30,Six Months ended June 30,
2024202320242023
Net income (loss) available to common stockholders per diluted common share
$(1.08)0.92 $0.24 2.41 
Net realized and unrealized investment (gains) losses included in net income (loss), before tax
(0.02)0.09 — 0.04 
Tax on reconciling items— (0.02)— (0.01)
Non-GAAP operating income (loss) per diluted common share
$(1.10)0.99 $0.24 2.44 

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Reconciliation of ROE to non-GAAP operating ROEQuarter ended June 30,Six Months ended June 30,
2024202320242023
ROE(9.5)%9.1 1.1 %12.1 
Net realized and unrealized investment (gains) losses included in net income (loss), before tax
(0.2)0.9 — 0.1 
Tax on reconciling items0.1 (0.2)— — 
Non-GAAP operating ROE(9.6)%9.8 1.1 %12.2 

Reconciliation of book value per common share to adjusted book value per common shareQuarter ended June 30,Six Months ended June 30,
2024202320242023
Book value per common share$44.74 40.81 $44.74 40.81 
Total unrealized investment (gains) losses included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), before tax6.25 8.27 6.25 8.27 
Tax on reconciling items(1.32)(1.74)(1.32)(1.74)
Adjusted book value per common share$49.67 47.34 $49.67 47.34 

The components of our ROE and non-GAAP operating ROE are as follows:

ROE and non-GAAP operating ROE ComponentsQuarter ended June 30,Change PointsSix Months ended June 30,Change Points
2024202320242023
Standard Commercial Lines Segment(18.4)%2.8 (21.2)(8.6)%4.1 (12.7)
Standard Personal Lines Segment(2.2)(2.9)0.7 (1.4)(2.4)1.0 
E&S Lines Segment0.7 (0.1)0.8 1.2 0.8 0.4 
Total insurance operations(19.9)(0.2)(19.7)(8.8)2.5 (11.3)
Investment income12.5 12.6 (0.1)12.5 12.5 — 
Net realized and unrealized investment gains (losses)0.1 (0.7)0.8 — (0.1)0.1 
Total investments segment12.6 11.9 0.7 12.5 12.4 0.1 
Other(2.2)(2.6)0.4 (2.6)(2.8)0.2 
ROE(9.5)9.1 (18.6)1.1 12.1 (11.0)
Net realized and unrealized investment (gains) losses, after tax(0.1)0.7 (0.8)— 0.1 (0.1)
Non-GAAP operating ROE(9.6)9.8 (19.4)1.1 12.2 (11.1)

Our Second Quarter 2024 and Six Months 2024 operating and non-GAAP operating ROEs in both current-year periods were below our 12% target. The decrease in our non-GAAP operating ROE in Second Quarter 2024 and Six Months 2024 compared to the same prior-year periods was driven by a reduction in after-tax underwriting income. We recorded an after-tax underwriting loss of $137.2 million in Second Quarter 2024 compared to a loss of $1.2 million in Second Quarter 2023, resulting in a reduction to non-GAAP operating ROE of 19.7 points. In Six Months 2024, we recorded an after-tax underwriting loss of $122.2 million, compared to after-tax underwriting income of $29.7 million in Six Months 2023, resulting in a reduction to non-GAAP operating ROE of 11.3 points.

The underwriting income decrease in Second Quarter 2024 and Six Months 2024 compared to the same prior-year periods was primarily attributable to unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development, and to a lesser extent, an increase in current year loss costs. We believe that current market conditions and environmental factors, most notably social inflation, are impacting us and the industry more than they have historically. As a commercial-lines focused underwriter with a higher mix of casualty business, we recognize this social inflationary environment has increased loss severities. In response to these external trends and the data we observed in our in-depth quarterly reserve review process, we recorded $176.0 million of unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development in Second Quarter 2024 and $211.0 million in Six Months 2024, compared to favorable prior year casualty reserve development of $3.5 million in Second Quarter 2023 and $16.5 million in Six Months 2023.

The unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development in Second Quarter 2024 impacted our Standard Commercial Lines segment, with $166.0 million recorded in our general liability line of business and $10.0 million in our commercial automobile line of business. Six Months 2024 development was further impacted by $15.0 million of favorable development in our workers compensation line of business. The $166.0 million primarily relates to accident years 2020 through 2023, similar to the unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development we recorded last quarter. Unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development we recorded at the end of 2023 was primarily associated with accident years 2020 and prior. As older years continue to mature, we gain greater confidence in our estimates, and further development on accident years 2019 and prior has been modest. This increases our confidence in the adjustments we are now making to accident years 2020 and subsequent,
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which puts us in a stronger overall reserve position. For additional qualitative discussion on prior year casualty reserve development, refer to the insurance segment sections below.

Outlook
Although our Six Months 2024 financial results were challenging, our capital position and the quality of our underwriting portfolio remain strong. Given the consistency in our underwriting appetite and risk profile over time, our corrective actions are primarily focused on achieving higher price levels, with a continued emphasis on prudent underwriting. Our pricing discipline, strong relationships with our distribution partners, and sophisticated analytical tools have enabled us to effectively balance our pricing and retention objectives over the long term, which we seek to continue achieving going forward.

We will continue to balance growth and profitability, with a goal to consistently achieve a 95% combined ratio across our three insurance segments by:

•Standard Commercial Lines
◦Achieving overall Standard Commercial Lines renewal pure price increases that reflect forward loss trend expectations. Our overall Standard Commercial Lines renewal pure price increase was 7.9% in Second Quarter 2024, up from 7.6% last quarter. In addition, our general liability renewal pure price increase was 7.6% in Second Quarter 2024, up from 6.5% last quarter, and 5.7% in the fourth quarter of 2023. We expect that our general liability pricing will further increase in the second half of 2024;
◦Continuing to expand our Standard Commercial Lines market share by (i) increasing our share towards our 12% target of our agents' premiums, (ii) strategically appointing new agents, and (iii) maximizing new business growth in the small business market through the use of our enhanced small business platform; and
◦Expanding our geographic footprint. In April 2024, we added West Virginia and Maine to our footprint, now covering 32 states. Subject to regulatory approvals, we expect to add Nevada, Washington, and Oregon later this year, with Kansas, Montana, and Wyoming to follow. Over time, we plan to expand our Standard Commercial Lines footprint to be near national.

•E&S Lines
◦Achieving E&S Lines renewal pure price increases in both our casualty and property lines of business that reflect forward loss trend expectations. Our E&S Lines renewal pure price increase was 6.4% in Second Quarter 2024, up from 5.2% in the first quarter of 2024; and
◦Continuing to invest in product expansion, risk evaluation, and operational efficiency for small and middle market E&S accounts.

•Standard Personal Lines
◦Taking actions to improve the profitability of our Standard Personal Lines segment by:
▪Prioritizing additional rate filings on a state-by-state basis and further refining our pricing factors. These filed rate increases began to take effect early in 2023, increasing in number and magnitude throughout 2023, have continued into 2024, and are expected to continue throughout the year. Our Standard Personal Lines renewal pure price increase was 20.7% in Second Quarter 2024, up from 14.3% in the first quarter of 2024, and 8.9% in the fourth quarter of 2023;
▪Seeking to improve our homeowners line of business profitability through the introduction of new policy terms and conditions, including (i) coverage for older roofs based on depreciation schedules rather than replacement cost, and (ii) implementing mandatory wind/hail deductibles in states exposed to severe convective storms, where allowed by law; and
▪Continuing the migration of our Standard Personal Lines products and services towards customers in the mass affluent market, where we believe we can be more competitive with our strong coverage and servicing capabilities.

For 2024, we increased our expected GAAP combined ratio to 101.5%. The change reflects unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development, elevated catastrophe losses in the first half of the year, and increased current year loss costs. Full-year expectations are as follows:

•A GAAP combined ratio of 101.5%, up five points from our prior guidance of 96.5%. Our combined ratio estimate includes net catastrophe losses of 5.5 points, up from prior guidance of 5.0 points. Our combined ratio estimate assumes no additional prior year casualty reserve development;
•After-tax net investment income of $360 million that includes $32 million from alternative investments;
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•An overall effective tax rate of approximately 21.0%, which assumes an effective tax rate of 20.5% for net investment income and 21% for all other items; and
•Weighted average shares of 61.5 million on a fully diluted basis, which assumes no share repurchases we may make under our authorization.

Results of Operations and Related Information by Segment

Insurance Operations
The following table provides quantitative information for analyzing the combined ratio:

All LinesQuarter ended June 30,Change % or PointsSix Months ended June 30,Change % or Points
($ in thousands)20242023 20242023
Insurance Operations Results:   
NPW
$1,226,101 1,084,907 13 %$2,382,722 2,084,675 14 %
Net premiums earned (“NPE”)1,080,231 942,150 15  2,131,175 1,844,486 16  
Less:    
Loss and loss expense incurred925,548 646,130 43  1,629,840 1,213,568 34  
Net underwriting expenses incurred327,310 295,697 11 651,677 589,640 11 
Dividends to policyholders1,054 1,849 (43) 4,308 3,621 19  
Underwriting income (loss)
$(173,681)(1,526)11,281 %$(154,650)37,657 (511)%
Combined Ratios:    
Loss and loss expense ratio85.7 %68.6 17.1 pts 76.5 %65.8 10.7 pts 
Underwriting expense ratio30.3 31.4 (1.1)30.6 32.0 (1.4)
Dividends to policyholders ratio0.1 0.2 (0.1) 0.2 0.2 —  
Combined ratio116.1 100.2 15.9  107.3 98.0 9.3  

The NPW growth of 13% in Second Quarter 2024 and 14% in Six Months 2024 compared to the same prior-year periods reflected (i) overall renewal pure price increases, and (ii) higher direct new business, as shown in the following table:

Quarter ended June 30,Six Months ended June 30,
($ in millions)2024202320242023
Direct new business premiums$267.4 241.6 $528.2 458.5 
Renewal pure price increases9.1 %6.4 8.6 %6.6 

Our NPW growth in Second Quarter 2024 and Six Months 2024 also benefited from stable retention and exposure growth on renewal policies.

The increase in NPE in Second Quarter 2024 and Six Months 2024 compared to the same prior-year periods resulted from the same impacts to NPW described above.

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Loss and Loss Expenses
The loss and loss expense ratio increased 17.1 points in Second Quarter 2024 and 10.7 points in Six Months 2024 compared to the same prior-year periods, primarily due to the following:

Second Quarter 2024Second Quarter 2023
($ in millions)Loss and Loss Expense IncurredImpact on
Loss and Loss Expense Ratio
Loss and Loss Expense Incurred
Impact on
Loss and Loss Expense Ratio		Change in Ratio
Net catastrophe losses$90.5 8.4 pts$100.0 10.6 pts(2.2)pts
(Favorable) unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development
176.0 16.3 (3.5)(0.4)16.7 
Non-catastrophe property loss and loss expenses185.5 17.2 157.2 16.7 0.5 
Total$452.0 41.9 $253.7 26.9 15.0 
Six Months 2024Six Months 2023
($ in millions)Loss and Loss Expense IncurredImpact on
Loss and Loss Expense Ratio
Loss and Loss Expense
Incurred
Impact on
Loss and Loss Expense Ratio		Change in Ratio
Net catastrophe losses$145.8 6.8 pts$155.3 8.4 pts(1.6)pts
(Favorable) unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development
211.0 9.9 (16.5)(0.9)10.8 
Non-catastrophe property loss and loss expenses356.7 16.7 305.4 16.6 0.1 
Total$713.5 33.4 $444.2 24.1 9.3 

Details of the prior year casualty reserve development were as follows:

(Favorable)/Unfavorable Prior Year Casualty Reserve DevelopmentQuarter ended June 30,Six Months ended June 30,
($ in millions)2024202320242023
General liability$166.0 — $216.0 — 
Commercial automobile10.0 — 10.0 — 
Workers compensation— (7.5)(15.0)(17.5)
   Total Standard Commercial Lines176.0 (7.5)211.0 (17.5)
Homeowners— — (5.0)— 
Personal automobile— 4.0 5.0 6.0 
   Total Standard Personal Lines— 4.0 — 6.0 
E&S— — — (5.0)
Total (favorable) unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development
$176.0 (3.5)$211.0 (16.5)
(Favorable) unfavorable impact on loss ratio
16.3 pts(0.4)9.9 pts(0.9)

The unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development of (i) $166.0 million in Second Quarter 2024 and $216.0 million in Six Months 2024 in our general liability line of business was driven by severities in accident years 2020 through 2023 that continued to show higher emergence than expected, and (ii) $10.0 million in Second Quarter 2024 in our commercial automobile line of business was driven by increased severities in accident year 2023. The unfavorable development in Six Months 2024 was partially offset by favorable workers compensation development of $15.0 million. For additional qualitative discussion on prior year casualty reserve development, refer to the insurance segment sections below.

In addition, the loss and loss expense ratio was adversely impacted by an increase in current year casualty loss costs of 2.1 points in Second Quarter 2024 and 1.3 points in Six Months 2024, compared to the same prior-year periods, primarily due to increased loss trend expectations and higher prior-year severity assumptions attributable to social inflationary impacts in our general liability line of business.

Net catastrophe losses were lower in Second Quarter 2024 and Six Months 2024 compared to the same prior-year periods, but remain higher than our historical average. Severe convective storms across our footprint drove our catastrophe losses in the quarter.

Underwriting Expenses
The underwriting expense ratio decreased 1.1 points in Second Quarter 2024 and 1.4 points in Six Months 2024 compared to the same prior-year periods, primarily due to a decrease in profit-based compensation to our employees and distribution
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partners, coupled with premium growth outpacing the growth in underwriting expenses.

Standard Commercial Lines Segment
 Quarter ended June 30,Change
% or
Points		 Six Months ended June 30,Change
% or
Points
($ in thousands)20242023 20242023
Insurance Segments Results:    
NPW$963,129 870,145 11 %$1,894,806 1,683,461 13 %
NPE853,493 762,709 12  1,687,603 1,494,324 13  
Less:       
Loss and loss expense incurred747,954 495,507 51  1,303,787 942,833 38  
Net underwriting expenses incurred265,366 243,207 9  530,008 486,803 9  
Dividends to policyholders1,054 1,849 (43) 4,308 3,621 19  
Underwriting income (loss)
(160,881)22,146 (826)$(150,500)61,067 (346)
Combined Ratios:      
Loss and loss expense ratio87.6 %65.0 22.6 pts77.2 %63.1 14.1 pts
Underwriting expense ratio31.1 31.9 (0.8) 31.4 32.6 (1.2) 
Dividends to policyholders ratio0.1 0.2 (0.1) 0.3 0.2 0.1  
Combined ratio118.8 97.1 21.7  108.9 95.9 13.0  

NPW growth of 11% in Second Quarter 2024 and 13% in Six Months 2024 compared to the same prior-year periods reflected (i) renewal pure price increases, (ii) higher direct new business, and (iii) strong retention as shown in the table below. In addition, NPW growth benefited from strong exposure growth on renewal policies.

Quarter ended June 30,Six Months ended June 30,
($ in millions)2024202320242023
Direct new business premiums$168.4 159.1 $340.4 306.8 
Retention85 85 85 %84 
Renewal pure price increases7.9 6.7 7.8 6.9 

The increase in NPE in Second Quarter 2024 and Six Months 2024 compared to the same prior-year periods resulted from the same impacts to NPW described above.

The loss and loss expense ratio increased 22.6 points in Second Quarter 2024 and 14.1 points in Six Months 2024 compared to the same prior-year periods, primarily driven by the following:

Second Quarter 2024Second Quarter 2023
($ in millions)Loss and Loss Expense IncurredImpact on
Loss and Loss Expense Ratio
Loss and Loss Expense Incurred
Impact on
Loss and Loss Expense Ratio		Change in Ratio
Net catastrophe losses$50.9 6.0 pts$62.6 8.2 (2.2)pts
Non-catastrophe property loss and loss expenses124.5 14.6 111.4 14.6 — 
(Favorable) unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development
176.0 20.6 (7.5)(1.0)21.6 
Total$351.4 41.2 $166.5 21.8 19.4 
Six Months 2024Six Months 2023
($ in millions)Loss and Loss Expense IncurredImpact on
Loss and Loss Expense Ratio		Loss and Loss
Expense
Incurred		Impact on
Loss and Loss Expense Ratio		Change in Ratio
Net catastrophe losses$89.4 5.3 pts$97.7 6.5 (1.2)pts
Non-catastrophe property loss and loss expenses239.5 14.2 216.8 14.5 (0.3)
(Favorable) unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development
211.0 12.5 (17.5)(1.2)13.7 
Total$539.9 32.0 $297.0 19.8 12.2 

Prior year casualty reserve development was unfavorable by $176.0 million, or 20.6 points, in Second Quarter 2024, compared to $7.5 million, or 1.0 point, of favorable development in Second Quarter 2023. Prior year casualty reserve development was unfavorable by $211.0 million, or 12.5 points, in Six Months 2024, compared to $17.5 million, or 1.2 points, of favorable development in Six Months 2023.

Despite increasing our expected loss trend in recent years, loss severities continued to show higher emergence than expected in Second Quarter 2024 and Six Months 2024 in the general liability line of business. In response to these unfavorable trends, we
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recorded unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development in our general liability line of business of $166.0 million in Second Quarter 2024 and $216.0 million in Six Months 2024, primarily driven by increased severities in accident years 2020 through 2023. In addition, we recorded $10.0 million of unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development in our commercial automobile line of business in Second Quarter 2024 and Six Months 2024, primarily driven by increased severities in accident year 2023. The unfavorable development in Six Months 2024 was partially offset by $15.0 million of favorable workers compensation development.

In addition, the loss and loss expense ratio was adversely impacted by an increase in current year casualty loss costs of 3.4 points in Second Quarter 2024 and 2.1 points in Six Months 2024 compared to the same prior-year periods, primarily due to increased loss trend expectations and higher prior-year severity assumptions attributable to impacts from social inflation in the general liability line of business.

Refer to the line of business sections below for qualitative discussion on the significant drivers of unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development and current year loss costs.

The underwriting expense ratio decreased 0.8 points in Second Quarter 2024 and 1.2 points in Six Months 2024 compared to the same prior-year periods, primarily due to a decrease in profit-based compensation to our employees and distribution partners, coupled with premium growth outpacing the growth in underwriting expenses.

The following is a discussion of our most significant Standard Commercial Lines of business:

General Liability
 Quarter ended June 30,
Change
 % or
Points1
Six Months ended June 30,
Change
 % or
Points1
($ in thousands)2024202320242023
NPW$319,955 292,846 9 %$627,399 564,972 11 %
  Direct new business50,293 48,409 n/a100,522 93,140 n/a
  Retention86 %86 n/a86 %85 n/a
  Renewal pure price increases7.6 5.2 n/a7.0 5.3 n/a
NPE$280,097 254,510 10 %$553,512 497,859 11 %
Underwriting income (loss)
(166,109)32,626 (609)(195,550)59,752 (427)
Combined ratio159.3 %87.2 72.1 pts135.3 %88.0 47.3 pts
% of total Standard Commercial Lines NPW33 34  33 34 
1n/a: not applicable.

NPW grew 9% in Second Quarter 2024 and 11% in Six Months 2024 compared to the same prior-year periods, benefiting from renewal pure price increases, exposure growth on renewal policies, strong retention, and higher direct new business.

The combined ratio increased 72.1 points in Second Quarter 2024 and 47.3 points in Six Months 2024 compared to the same prior-year periods, primarily driven by unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development as follows:
Second Quarter 2024Second Quarter 2023
($ in millions)Loss and Loss Expense IncurredImpact on
Combined Ratio		Loss and Loss Expense IncurredImpact on
Combined Ratio		Change in Ratio
(Favorable) unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development
$166.0 59.3 pts$— — 59.3 pts
Six Months 2024Six Months 2023
($ in millions)Loss and Loss Expense IncurredImpact on
Combined Ratio		Loss and Loss Expense IncurredImpact on
Combined Ratio		Change in Ratio
(Favorable) unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development
$216.0 39.0 pts$— — 39.0 pts

This line of business has experienced a long-term historical trend of meaningful severity increases, which have been partially offset by decreases in claim frequencies. Prior-year severities have developed adversely, previously impacting the pre-pandemic period but now extending into the more recent accident years. We attribute the increased severities to elevated social inflation, which we see as an industry dynamic characterized by higher propensity for attorney representation and litigation, longer settlement times, and higher settlement values. Certain jurisdictions with expanded liability theories and higher damage awards pose heightened challenges. We are closely monitoring these jurisdictions and the broader trends across our business.

The unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development in Second Quarter 2024 and Six Months 2024 was primarily due to
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the impact of social inflation, which resulted in higher severity assumptions embedded in our initial loss ratio estimates in recent years. Despite planning for higher expected loss trends, claim emergence in Second Quarter 2024 and Six Months 2024 continued to exceed our expectations. In response to these continued unfavorable trends, we recorded unfavorable prior year development of $166.0 million in Second Quarter 2024 and $216.0 million in Six Months 2024, primarily in accident years 2020 through 2023. There was no prior year casualty reserve development in Second Quarter 2023 and Six Months 2023.

Additionally, the combined ratio was adversely impacted by an increase in current year casualty loss costs of 13.6 points in Second Quarter 2024 and 9.0 points in Six Months 2024 compared to the same prior-year periods, primarily driven by an increase to our loss trend expectations and higher prior-year severity assumptions attributable to increases in social inflationary impacts.

We believe that social inflation and elevated loss trends are an industry dynamic, and may lead to an acceleration of rate increases in this line of business for the industry and us. Our renewal pure price increase in this line of business was 7.6% in Second Quarter 2024, up from 6.5% last quarter, and 5.7% for the fourth quarter of 2023. We expect increases in our general liability pricing to accelerate in the coming months.

Partially offsetting the unfavorable combined ratio drivers mentioned above was a decrease in the underwriting expense ratio of 0.6 points in Second Quarter 2024 and 0.9 points in Six Months 2024 compared to the same prior-year periods, as discussed in the "Standard Commercial Lines Segment" section above.

Commercial Automobile
 Quarter ended June 30,
Change
 % or
Points1
Six Months ended June 30,
Change
 % or
Points1
($ in thousands)2024202320242023
NPW$297,293 257,266 16 %$582,894 497,449 17 %
  Direct new business45,253 39,905 n/a93,048 76,881 n/a
  Retention86 %86 n/a86 %85 n/a
  Renewal pure price increases10.8 9.5 n/a10.6 9.8 n/a
NPE$260,652 225,067 16 %$512,372 442,438 16 %
Underwriting income (loss)
(1,196)(4,182)71 (934)(15,923)94 
Combined ratio100.5 %101.9 (1.4)pts100.2 %103.6 (3.4)pts
% of total Standard Commercial Lines NPW31 30  31 30  
1n/a: not applicable.

NPW grew 16% in Second Quarter 2024 and 17% in Six Months 2024 compared to the same prior-year periods, benefiting from renewal pure price increases, higher direct new business, and strong retention. This higher new business and strong retention contributed to an 8% growth of in-force vehicle counts as of June 30, 2024 compared to June 30, 2023.

The combined ratio decreased 1.4 points in Second Quarter 2024 and 3.4 points in Six Months 2024 compared to the same prior-year periods, and included the following:

Second Quarter 2024Second Quarter 2023
($ in millions)Loss and Loss Expense IncurredImpact on
Combined Ratio		Loss and Loss Expense IncurredImpact on
Combined Ratio		Change in Ratio
Net catastrophe losses$2.6 1.0 pts$1.9 0.8 0.2 pts
Non-catastrophe property loss and loss expenses39.1 15.0 42.5 18.9 (3.9)
(Favorable) unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development
10.0 3.8 — — 3.8 
Total$51.7 19.8 $44.4 19.7 0.1 
Six Months 2024Six Months 2023
($ in millions)Loss and Loss Expense IncurredImpact on
Combined Ratio		Loss and Loss Expense IncurredImpact on
Combined Ratio		Change in Ratio
Net catastrophe losses$4.0 0.8 pts$2.1 0.5 0.3 pts
Non-catastrophe property loss and loss expenses83.5 16.3 89.1 20.1 (3.8)
(Favorable) unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development
10.0 2.0 — — 2.0 
Total$97.5 19.1 $91.2 20.6 (1.5)

Non-catastrophe property loss and loss expenses in Second Quarter 2024 and Six Months 2024 were lower compared to the same prior-year periods, primarily due to lower claim frequencies.
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In addition, the combined ratio was reduced by the following:
•Decreases in current year casualty loss costs of 1.3 points in Second Quarter 2024 and 1.2 points in Six Months 2024 compared to the same prior-year periods, primarily driven by the earned impact of higher renewal pure price increases in both periods as highlighted above; and
•Decreases in the underwriting expense ratio of 0.3 points in Second Quarter 2024 and 0.7 points in Six Months 2024 compared to the same prior-year periods, as discussed in the "Standard Commercial Lines Segment" section above.

Offsetting the favorable combined ratio drivers mentioned above, was unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development in Second Quarter 2024 and Six Months 2024, primarily due to increased severities in accident year 2023. There was no prior year casualty reserve development in Second Quarter 2023 and Six Months 2023.

Commercial Property1
 Quarter ended June 30,
Change
 % or
Points2
Six Months ended June 30,
Change
 % or
Points2
($ in thousands)2024202320242023
NPW$195,440 167,665 17 %$369,952 319,269 16 %
  Direct new business40,756 37,317 n/a79,296 72,073 n/a
  Retention84 %84 n/a84 %84 n/a
Renewal pure price increases9.8 9.3 n/a10.3 9.4 n/a
NPE$168,511 141,348 19 %$330,064 276,640 19 %
Underwriting income (loss)
(3,029)(24,410)88 6,538 (14,332)146 
Combined ratio101.8 %117.3 (15.5)pts98.0 %105.2 (7.2)pts
% of total Standard Commercial Lines NPW20 19  20 19 
1includes Inland Marine.
2n/a: not applicable.

NPW grew 17% in Second Quarter 2024 and 16% in Six Months 2024 compared to the same prior-year periods, benefiting from renewal pure price increases, strong retention, exposure growth on renewal policies, and higher direct new business.

The combined ratio decreased 15.5 points in Second Quarter 2024 and 7.2 points in Six Months 2024 compared to the same prior-year periods, primarily driven by lower net catastrophe losses as shown in the following table:

Second Quarter 2024Second Quarter 2023
($ in millions)Loss and Loss Expense IncurredImpact on
Combined Ratio		Loss and Loss Expense IncurredImpact on
Combined Ratio		Change in Ratio
Net catastrophe losses$41.5 24.6 pts56.1 39.7 (15.1)pts
Non-catastrophe property loss and loss expenses71.9 42.7 57.6 40.7 2.0 
Total$113.4 67.3 113.7 80.4 (13.1)
Six Months 2024Six Months 2023
($ in millions)Loss and Loss Expense IncurredImpact on
Combined Ratio		Loss and Loss Expense IncurredImpact on
Combined Ratio		Change in Ratio
Net catastrophe losses$74.4 22.5 pts83.8 30.3 (7.8)pts
Non-catastrophe property loss and loss expenses134.3 40.7 104.1 37.6 3.1 
Total$208.7 63.2 187.9 67.9 (4.7)

Net catastrophe losses in Second Quarter 2024 and Six Months 2024 were lower compared to the same prior-year periods, but remain higher than our historical average.

In addition, the combined ratio was favorably impacted by a decrease in the underwriting expense ratio of 2.5 points in Second Quarter 2024 and 2.6 points in Six Months 2024 compared to the same prior-year periods, as discussed in the "Standard Commercial Lines Segment" section above.

Offsetting the favorable combined ratio drivers mentioned above, was higher non-catastrophe property loss and loss expense ratios in Second Quarter 2024 and Six Months 2024 compared to the same prior-year periods. This change continues to reflect the variability from period to period that is normally associated with the commercial property line of business. We continue to manage our long-term profitability through (i) price increases, and (ii) targeted underwriting actions, including an ongoing focus on appropriate policy terms and conditions and achieving accurate insurance-to-value ratios.
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Workers Compensation
 Quarter ended June 30,
Change
 % or
Points1
Six Months ended June 30,
Change
 % or
Points1
($ in thousands)2024202320242023
NPW$84,850 95,602 (11)%$183,633 189,034 (3)%
Direct new business14,222 17,320 n/a32,706 34,939 n/a
Retention85 %84 n/a85 %84 n/a
Renewal pure price increases (decreases)(2.9)(1.1)n/a(2.8)(1.1)n/a
NPE$82,316 88,746 (7)%$170,093 172,930 (2)%
Underwriting income3,869 12,586 (69)22,062 27,172 (19)
Combined ratio95.3 %85.8 9.5 pts87.0 %84.3 2.7 pts
% of total Standard Commercial Lines NPW9 11  10 11 
1n/a: not applicable.

NPW decreased 11% in Second Quarter 2024 and 3% in Six Months 2024 compared to the same prior-year periods, primarily due to renewal pure price decreases and a reduction in direct new business.

The combined ratio increased 9.5 points in Second Quarter 2024 and 2.7 points in Six Months 2024 compared to the same prior-year periods, primarily driven by reductions in favorable prior year casualty reserve development as follows:

Second Quarter 2024Second Quarter 2023
($ in millions)Loss and Loss Expense IncurredImpact on
Combined Ratio		Loss and Loss Expense IncurredImpact on
Combined Ratio		Change in Ratio
(Favorable) unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development
$— — pts$(7.5)(8.5)8.5 pts
Six Months 2024Six Months 2023
($ in millions)Loss and Loss Expense IncurredImpact on
Combined Ratio		Loss and Loss Expense IncurredImpact on
Combined Ratio		Change in Ratio
(Favorable) unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development
$(15.0)(8.8)pts$(17.5)(10.1)1.3 pts

The favorable prior year casualty reserve development in Six Months 2024 was primarily due to lower loss severities in accident years 2021 and prior. The favorable prior year casualty reserve development in Second Quarter 2023 and Six Months 2023 was primarily due to improved loss severities in accident years 2020 and prior.

In addition, the combined ratio was adversely impacted by an increase in current year casualty loss costs of 2.8 points in Second Quarter 2024 and 3.1 points in Six Months 2024, primarily driven by the negative rate environment that has been impacting this line for several years.

Offsetting the unfavorable combined ratio drivers mentioned above was a decrease in the underwriting expense ratio of 0.8 points in Second Quarter 2024 and 1.0 point in Six Months 2024 compared to the same prior-year periods, as discussed in the "Standard Commercial Lines Segment" section above.

Standard Personal Lines Segment
Quarter ended June 30,Change
% or
Points		 Six Months ended June 30,Change
% or
Points
($ in thousands)20242023 20242023
Insurance Segments Results:    
NPW$116,149 109,103 6 %$216,053 194,381 11 %
NPE106,421 87,170 22  210,267 169,040 24  
Less:    
Loss and loss expense incurred101,440 87,982 15  185,784 161,150 15  
Net underwriting expenses incurred24,282 22,248 9 49,119 44,023 12 
Underwriting income (loss)$(19,301)(23,060)16 $(24,636)(36,133)32 
Combined Ratios:    
Loss and loss expense ratio95.3 %101.0 (5.7)pts88.3 %95.4 (7.1)pts
Underwriting expense ratio22.8 25.5 (2.7)23.4 26.0 (2.6)
Combined ratio118.1 126.5 (8.4) 111.7 121.4 (9.7) 

NPW increased 6% in Second Quarter 2024 and 11% in Six Months 2024 compared to the same prior-year periods, due to
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renewal pure price increases, exposure growth on renewal policies, and higher average policy sizes from our mass affluent market strategy, partially offset by reductions in direct new business and retention. New policy counts were down 48% in Second Quarter 2024 and 43% in Six Months 2024 compared to the same prior-year periods. These reductions were anticipated given the level of rate increases we are implementing as part of our overall profit improvement plan.

Quarter ended June 30,Six Months ended June 30,
($ in millions)2024202320242023
Direct new business premiums1
$22.0 32.5 $43.3 58.8 
Retention78 %88 80 %87 
Renewal pure price increases20.7 3.4 17.7 2.7 
1Excludes our Flood direct premiums written, which is 100% ceded to the NFIP and therefore, has no impact on our NPW.

We are taking aggressive actions to improve the profitability of this business by continuing to prioritize additional rate filings on a state-by-state basis to mitigate inflationary impacts, and refining our pricing factors. These filed rate increases began to take effect early in 2023, increasing in number and magnitude throughout 2023, have continued into 2024, and are expected to continue throughout the year. We achieved a 20.7% renewal pure price increase in Second Quarter 2024, a direct outcome of these actions. In addition, we are seeking to further improve profitability within our homeowners' line of business by introducing new policy terms and conditions, including (i) coverage for older roofs based on a schedule of factors rather than replacement cost, and (ii) implementing mandatory wind/hail deductibles in states exposed to severe convective storms, where allowed by law.

The increase in NPE in Second Quarter 2024 and Six Months 2024 compared to the same prior-year periods resulted from the same impacts to NPW described above.

The loss and loss expense ratio decreased 5.7 points in Second Quarter 2024 and 7.1 points in Six Months 2024 compared to the same prior-year periods, driven by the following:

Second Quarter 2024Second Quarter 2023
($ in millions)Loss and Loss Expense IncurredImpact on
Loss and Loss Expense Ratio		Loss and Loss
Expense
Incurred		Impact on
Loss and Loss Expense Ratio		Change in Ratio
Net catastrophe losses$25.4 23.9 pts$21.2 24.3 (0.4)pts
Non-catastrophe property loss and loss expenses45.4 42.6 37.8 43.3 (0.7)
(Favorable) unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development
— — 4.0 4.6 (4.6)
Total$70.8 66.5 $63.0 72.2 (5.7)
Six Months 2024Six Months 2023
($ in millions)Loss and Loss Expense IncurredImpact on
Loss and Loss Expense Ratio		Loss and Loss
Expense
Incurred		Impact on
Loss and Loss Expense Ratio		Change in Ratio
Net catastrophe losses$37.2 17.7 pts$35.8 21.2 (3.5)pts
Non-catastrophe property loss and loss expenses87.2 41.5 71.6 42.4 (0.9)
(Favorable) unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development
— — 6.0 3.5 (3.5)
Total$124.4 59.2 $113.4 67.1 (7.9)

In Six Months 2024, we experienced (i) favorable prior year casualty reserve development on our homeowners line of business of $5.0 million, primarily due to lower loss severities in accident years 2021 and prior, offset by (ii) $5.0 million of unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development on our personal automobile line of business, primarily driven by increased loss severities in accident years 2021 through 2023. The unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development in Second Quarter 2023 and Six Months 2023 was primarily due to increased loss severities in accident year 2022 on our personal automobile line of business.

In addition, lower net catastrophe losses in Second Quarter 2024 and Six Months 2024 compared to the same prior-year periods lowered our loss and loss expense ratio, but net catastrophe losses remain higher than our historical average.

The loss and loss expense ratio was also adversely impacted by a 1.0-point increase in current year casualty loss costs in Six Months 2024 compared to Six Months 2023, primarily due to an expected increase in automobile claim frequencies in the current year.

The underwriting expense ratio decreased 2.7 points in Second Quarter 2024 and 2.6 points in Six Months 2024 compared to
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the same prior-year periods, primarily due to a decrease in profit-based compensation to our employees and distribution partners, coupled with premium growth outpacing the growth in underwriting expenses in both periods.

E&S Lines Segment
 Quarter ended June 30,Change
% or
Points		Six Months ended June 30,Change
% or
Points
($ in thousands)2024202320242023
Insurance Segments Results:   
NPW$146,823 105,659 39 %$271,863 206,833 31 %
NPE120,317 92,271 30  233,305 181,122 29  
Less:        
Loss and loss expense incurred76,154 62,641 22  140,269 109,585 28  
Net underwriting expenses incurred37,662 30,242 25  72,550 58,814 23  
Underwriting income (loss)6,501 (612)1,162 20,486 12,723 61 
Combined Ratios:        
Loss and loss expense ratio63.3 %67.9 (4.6)pts60.1 %60.5 (0.4)pts
Underwriting expense ratio31.3 32.8 (1.5)31.1 32.5 (1.4)
Combined ratio94.6 100.7 (6.1) 91.2 93.0 (1.8) 

NPW grew 39% in Second Quarter 2024 and 31% in Six Months 2024 compared to the same prior-year periods, reflecting renewal pure price increases and higher direct new business as shown in the table below. In addition, NPW growth in Second Quarter 2024 and Six Months 2024 benefited from both property and casualty exposure growth on renewal policies, driven by higher rate per exposure and higher new business production. In addition, our property lines exposure growth on renewal policies was reflective of increased property values.

Quarter ended June 30,Six Months ended June 30,
($ in millions)2024202320242023
Direct new business premiums$77.0 50.0 $144.5 92.9 
Renewal pure price increases6.4 %7.5 5.9 %7.4 

The increase in NPE in Second Quarter 2024 and Six Months 2024 compared to the same prior-year periods resulted from the same impacts to NPW described above.

The loss and loss expense ratio decreased 4.6 points in Second Quarter 2024 and 0.4 points in Six Months 2024 compared to the same prior-year periods, and included the following:

Second Quarter 2024Second Quarter 2023
($ in millions)Loss and Loss Expense IncurredImpact on
Loss and Loss Expense Ratio		Loss and Loss
Expense
Incurred		Impact on
Loss and Loss Expense Ratio		Change in Ratio
Net catastrophe losses$14.3 11.9 pts$16.3 17.6 (5.7)pts
Non-catastrophe property loss and loss expenses15.6 13.0 8.1 8.8 4.2 
Total$29.9 24.9 $24.4 26.4 (1.5)
Six Months 2024Six Months 2023
($ in millions)Loss and Loss Expense IncurredImpact on
Loss and Loss Expense Ratio		Loss and Loss
Expense
Incurred		Impact on
Loss and Loss Expense Ratio		Change in Ratio
Net catastrophe losses$19.2 8.2 pts$21.9 12.1 (3.9)pts
Non-catastrophe property loss and loss expenses29.9 12.8 17.0 9.4 3.4 
(Favorable) unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development
— — (5.0)(2.8)2.8 
Total$49.1 21.0 $33.9 18.7 2.3 

While the frequency of wind and thunderstorm events remained largely consistent, the severity of these events was lower in Second Quarter 2024 and Six Months 2024 compared to the same prior-year periods, resulting in a decrease in net catastrophe losses in both periods.

In addition, the loss and loss expense ratio was favorably impacted by a decrease in current year casualty loss costs of 3.1 points in Second Quarter 2024 and 2.7 points in Six Months 2024 compared to the same prior-year periods, primarily due to the mix of business between our property and casualty lines of business. Our E&S property line of business, which has a lower loss ratio compared to our E&S casualty line of business, represented a larger portion of this segment in Second Quarter 2024 and Six
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Months 2024 compared to the same prior-year periods, resulting in a lower blended current year loss cost in Second Quarter 2024 and Six Months 2024.

These decreases to the loss and loss expense ratio were offset by the following:
•Higher non-catastrophe property loss and loss expenses in Second Quarter 2024 and Six Months 2024 compared to the same prior-year periods, primarily due to several large fires, reflecting the continued variability from period to period that is normally associated with our E&S property line of business; and
•No prior year casualty reserve development in Second Quarter 2024 and Six Months 2024 compared to favorable prior year casualty reserve development in Six Months 2023. The 2023 development was primarily due to lower severities in accident years 2021 and prior.

The decrease in the underwriting expense ratio of 1.5 points in Second Quarter 2024 and 1.4 points in Six Months 2024 compared to the same prior-year periods, was primarily due to premium growth outpacing the growth in underwriting expenses in both periods.

Reinsurance
We successfully completed negotiations of our July 1, 2024 excess of loss treaties, which cover our Standard Commercial Lines, Standard Personal Lines, and E&S Lines.

We renewed the Casualty Excess of Loss Treaty ("Casualty Treaty") with substantially the same structure as the expiring treaty with a co-participation of 17.5% on the first $3 million in excess of $2 million layer, but with the benefit of additional reinstatements on several of the layers. The treaty year 2024 deposit premium increased, reflecting (i) higher projected subject earned premium due to growth in our book of business, including pure renewal rate increases; and (ii) higher anticipated losses in the excess layers, partially offset by (iii) the introduction of the first layer co-participation.

We renewed the Property Excess of Loss Treaty (“Property Treaty”) with substantially the same structure as the expiring treaty and an additional reinstatement on the second layer of the program. The treaty year deposit premium increased, reflecting higher projected subject earned premium due to growth in our book of business.

The following table summarizes the Property Treaty and Casualty Treaty arrangements covering our Insurance Subsidiaries:

Treaty NameReinsurance CoverageTerrorism Coverage
Property Treaty (covers all insurance operations)
There are three layers covering 100% of $65 million in excess of $5 million. Losses other than Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act ("TRIPRA") certified losses are subject to the following reinstatements and annual aggregate limits:

- $5 million in excess of $5 million layer provides 15
        reinstatements, $80 million in aggregate limits;
- $20 million in excess of $10 million layer provides four
        reinstatements, $100 million in aggregate limits; and
- $40 million in excess of $30 million layer provides two
        reinstatements, $120 million in aggregate limits.
All nuclear, biological, chemical, and radioactive ("NBCR") losses are excluded regardless of whether or not they are certified under the TRIPRA. For non-NBCR losses, the treaty distinguishes between acts committed on behalf of foreign persons or foreign interests ("Foreign Terrorism") and those that are not. The treaty provides annual aggregate limits for Foreign Terrorism (other than NBCR) acts of $15 million for the first layer, $60 million for the second layer, and $40 million for the third layer. Non-Foreign Terrorism losses (other than NBCR) are covered to the same extent as non-terrorism losses.
Casualty Treaty (covers all insurance operations)
There are six layers covering $88 million in excess of $2 million. Losses other than terrorism losses are subject to the following:

- 82.5% of $3 million in excess of $2 million layer provides 71
      reinstatements, $216 million annual aggregate limit;
- 100% of $7 million in excess of $5 million layer provides 12 reinstatements, $91 million annual aggregate limit;
- 100% of $9 million in excess of $12 million layer provides three reinstatements, $36 million annual aggregate limit;
- 100% of $9 million in excess of $21 million layer provides one reinstatement, $18 million annual aggregate limit;
- 100% of $20 million in excess of $30 million layer provides one reinstatement, $40 million annual aggregate limit; and
- 100% of $40 million in excess of $50 million layer provides one reinstatement, $80 million annual aggregate limit.
All NBCR losses are excluded. All other losses stemming from the acts of terrorism are subject to the following:

- 82.5% of $3 million in excess of $2 million layer with $15 million net annual terrorism aggregate limit;
- 100% of $7 million in excess of $5 million layer with $28 million net annual terrorism aggregate limit;
- 100% of $9 million in excess of $12 million layer with $27 million net annual terrorism aggregate limit;
- 100% of $9 million in excess of $21 million layer with $18 million net annual terrorism aggregate limit;
- 100% of $20 million in excess of $30 million layer with $40 million net annual terrorism aggregate limit; and
- 100% of $40 million in excess of $50 million layer with $80 million net annual terrorism aggregate limit.
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Investments
Our investment portfolio's objectives are to maximize after-tax net investment income and generate long-term growth in book value per share by maximizing the overall total return of the portfolio by investing the premiums we receive from our insurance operations and the amounts generated through our capital management strategies, which may include debt and equity security issuances. We balance those objectives against prevailing market conditions, capital preservation considerations, and our enterprise risk-taking appetite. We maintain (i) a well-diversified portfolio across issuers, sectors, and asset classes and (ii) a high credit quality fixed income securities portfolio with a duration and maturity profile at an acceptable risk level that provides ample liquidity.

The effective duration of our fixed income and short-term investments was 3.9 years as of June 30, 2024. The effective duration is monitored and managed to maximize yield while managing interest rate risk at an acceptable level. Purchases and sales are made with the intent of maximizing investment returns in the current market environment, while balancing capital preservation.

Our fixed income and short-term investments (i) represented 92% of our invested assets, (ii) had a weighted average credit rating of "AA-", and (iii) had investment grade holdings representing 96% of the total fixed income and short-term investments portfolio as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

For further details on the composition, credit quality, and various risks to which our portfolio is subject, see Item 7A. “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.” of our 2023 Annual Report.

Total Invested Assets
($ in thousands)June 30, 2024December 31, 2023Change
Total invested assets$9,021,820 8,693,729 4 %
Invested assets per dollar of common stockholders' equity3.31 3.16 5 
Components of unrealized gains (losses) – before tax:
Fixed income securities(380,149)(353,253)8 %
Equity securities4,679 4,079 15 
Net unrealized gains (losses) – before tax(375,470)(349,174)8 
Components of unrealized gains (losses) – after tax:
Fixed income securities(300,318)(279,070)8 
Equity securities3,696 3,223 15 
Net unrealized gains (losses) – after tax(296,622)(275,847)8 

Invested assets increased $328.1 million at June 30, 2024, compared to December 31, 2023, reflecting our active investment of operating and investing cash flows. Operating cash flows during Six Months 2024 were 16% of NPW.

Net Investment Income
The components of net investment income earned were as follows:

 Quarter ended June 30,Change
% or Points		Six Months ended June 30,Change
% or Points
($ in thousands)2024202320242023
Fixed income securities$93,935 83,916 12 %$188,037 164,003 15 %
Commercial mortgage loans ("CMLs")3,145 2,199 43 5,939 4,164 43 
Equity securities1,877 2,236 (16)6,785 3,441 97 
Short-term investments4,680 2,892 62 8,199 7,542 9 
Alternative investments10,517 11,396 (8)17,398 19,164 (9)
Other investments118 188 (37)381 231 65 
Investment expenses(5,630)(5,131)10 (10,248)(9,343)10 
Net investment income earned – before tax108,642 97,696 11 216,491 189,202 14 
Net investment income tax expense(22,380)(19,884)13 (44,589)(38,338)16 
Net investment income earned – after tax$86,262 77,812 11 $171,902 150,864 14 
Effective tax rate20.6 %20.4 0.2 pts20.6 %20.3 0.3 pts
Annualized after-tax yield on fixed income investments3.9 3.9 — 3.9 3.8 0.1 
Annualized after-tax yield on investment portfolio3.9 3.9 — 3.9 3.8 0.1 

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After-tax net investment income earned increased 11% in Second Quarter 2024 and 14% in Six Months 2024 compared to the same prior-year periods, primarily driven by higher interest rates, active portfolio management, and operating and investing cash flow deployment.

Realized and Unrealized Gains and Losses
When evaluating securities for sale, our general philosophy is to reduce our exposure to securities and sectors based on economic evaluations of whether (i) the fundamentals for that security or sector have deteriorated or (ii) the timing is appropriate to opportunistically trade for other securities with better economic-return characteristics. Net realized and unrealized gains and losses for the indicated periods were as follows:

 Quarter ended June 30,
Change
%
Six Months ended June 30,Change %
($ in thousands)2024202320242023
Net realized gains (losses) on disposals$3,136 (10,796)(129)%$3,306 (19,942)(117)%
Net unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities(93)4,925 (102)599 8,173 (93)
Net credit loss benefit (expense) on fixed income securities, AFS(1,233)864 (243)(3,883)10,393 (137)
Net credit loss benefit (expense) on CMLs(32)(78)(59)136 (61)(323)
Losses on securities for which we have the intent to sell(481)(341)41 (496)(645)(23)
Total net realized and unrealized investment gains (losses)$1,297 (5,426)(124)$(338)(2,082)(84)

Federal Income Taxes
The following table provides information regarding federal income taxes and reconciles federal income tax at the corporate rate to the effective tax rate:

Quarter ended June 30,Six Months ended June 30,
($ in thousands)2024202320242023
Tax at statutory rate$(16,821)15,573 $4,718 39,672 
Tax-advantaged interest(354)(538)(756)(1,258)
Dividends received deduction(79)(68)(117)(137)
Executive compensation634 528 1,957 1,269 
Stock-based compensation(15)(111)(1,454)(1,724)
Other(144)165 (1,079)(88)
Federal income tax expense (benefit)
$(16,779)15,549 $3,269 37,734 
Income before federal income tax, less preferred stock dividends$(82,398)71,857 $17,868 184,316 
Effective tax rate20.4 %21.6 18.3 %20.5 

The federal income tax expense decrease in Second Quarter 2024 and Six Months 2024 compared to the same prior-year periods was primarily due to underwriting losses in both periods, partially offset by an increase in net investment income. Refer to "Insurance Operations" above for more information.

Liquidity and Capital Resources
Capital resources and liquidity reflect our ability to generate cash flows from business operations, borrow funds at competitive rates, and raise new capital to meet our operating and growth needs.

Liquidity
We manage liquidity by generating sufficient cash flows to meet our business operations' short-term and long-term cash requirements. As discussed further below, we adjust our liquidity requirements based on economic conditions, market conditions, and future cash flow commitments.

Sources of Liquidity
Sources of cash for the Parent historically have consisted of dividends from the Insurance Subsidiaries, the investment portfolio held at the Parent, borrowings under third-party lines of credit, intercompany revolving demand loan agreements with certain Insurance Subsidiaries, and the issuance of equity (common or preferred) and debt securities. We continue to monitor these sources, considering our short-term and long-term liquidity and capital preservation strategies.

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The Parent's cash and components of its investment portfolio were as follows:

($ in thousands)June 30, 2024December 31, 2023
Fixed income securities
$325,730 421,089 
Equity securities
55,351 50,920 
Short-term investments
50,522 17,671 
Alternative investments
17,581 18,134 
Cash
160 180 
Total investments and cash
$449,344 507,994 

Short-term investments have historically been maintained in “AAA” rated money market funds and fixed income securities are comprised of high-quality, liquid government and corporate securities.

The amount and composition of the Parent's investment portfolio may change over time based on various factors, including the amount and availability of dividends from our Insurance Subsidiaries, investment income, expenses, other Parent cash needs, such as dividends payable to stockholders, asset allocation investment decisions, inorganic growth opportunities, debt retirement, and share repurchases. Our target is for the Parent to maintain liquid investments of at least twice its expected annual net cash outflow needs, or $210 million.

Insurance Subsidiary Dividends
The Insurance Subsidiaries generate liquidity through insurance float, created by collecting premiums and earning investment income before paying claims. The period of float can extend over many years. Our investment portfolio consists of securities with maturity dates that continually provide a source of cash flow for claims payments in the ordinary course of business. To protect our Insurance Subsidiaries' capital, we purchase reinsurance coverage for significantly large claims or catastrophes that may occur.

The Insurance Subsidiaries paid $44 million in total dividends to the Parent in Six Months 2024. As of December 31, 2023, our allowable ordinary maximum dividend is $316 million for 2024. All Insurance Subsidiary dividends to the Parent are (i) subject to the approval and/or review of its domiciliary state insurance regulator, and (ii) generally payable only from earned statutory surplus reported in its annual statements as of the preceding December 31. Although domiciliary state insurance regulators have historically approved dividends, there is no assurance they will approve future Insurance Subsidiary dividends.

New Jersey corporate law also limits the maximum amount of dividends the Parent can pay our stockholders if either (i) the Parent would be unable to pay its debts as they become due in the usual course of business, or (ii) the Parent’s total assets would be less than its total liabilities. The Parent’s ability to pay dividends to stockholders is also impacted by (i) covenants in its credit agreement that obligate it, among other things, to maintain a minimum consolidated net worth and a maximum ratio of consolidated debt to total capitalization, and (ii) the terms of our preferred stock that prohibit dividends from being declared or paid on our common stock if dividends are not declared and paid, or made payable, on all outstanding preferred stock for the latest completed dividend period.

For additional information regarding dividend restrictions and financial covenants, where applicable, see Note 11. "Indebtedness," Note 17. "Equity," and Note 22. "Statutory Financial Information, Capital Requirements, and Restrictions on Dividends and Transfers of Funds" in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." of our 2023 Annual Report.

Line of Credit
On November 7, 2022, the Parent entered into a Credit Agreement with the lenders named therein (the “Lenders”) and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent ("Line of Credit"). Under the Line of Credit, the Lenders have agreed to provide the Parent with a $50 million revolving credit facility that can be increased to $125 million with the Lenders' consent. No borrowings were made under the Line of Credit in Six Months 2024. The Line of Credit will mature on November 7, 2025, and has a variable interest rate based on the Parent’s debt ratings. We expect to continue to maintain a credit facility for liquidity purposes. For additional information regarding the Line of Credit and corresponding representations, warranties, and covenants, refer to Note 11. "Indebtedness" in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." of our 2023 Annual Report. We met all covenants under our Line of Credit as of June 30, 2024.

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Four Insurance Subsidiaries are members of Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB") branches, as shown in the following table. Membership requires the ownership of branch stock and includes the right to access liquidity. All Federal Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis ("FHLBI") and Federal Home Loan Bank of New York ("FHLBNY") borrowings are required to be secured by investments pledged as collateral. For additional information regarding collateral outstanding, refer to Note 4. "Investments" in Item 1. "Financial Statements." of this Form 10-Q.

BranchInsurance Subsidiary Member
FHLBI
Selective Insurance Company of South Carolina1
Selective Insurance Company of the Southeast1
FHLBNY
Selective Insurance Company of America
Selective Insurance Company of New York ("SICNY")
1These subsidiaries are jointly referred to as the "Indiana Subsidiaries" because they are domiciled in Indiana.

The Line of Credit permits aggregate borrowings from the FHLBI and the FHLBNY up to 10% of the respective member company’s admitted assets for the previous year. SICNY is domiciled in New York, which limits its FHLBNY borrowings to the lesser of 5% of admitted assets for the most recently completed fiscal quarter or 10% of the previous year-end's admitted assets. As of June 30, 2024, we had remaining capacity of $529.4 million for FHLB borrowings, with a $21.3 million additional stock purchase requirement to allow the member companies to borrow their remaining capacity amounts.

Short-term Borrowings
We did not make any short-term borrowings from FHLB branches during Six Months 2024.

Intercompany Loan Agreements
The Parent has lending agreements with the Indiana Subsidiaries, approved by the Indiana Department of Insurance, that provide the Parent with additional intercompany liquidity. Like the Line of Credit, these lending agreements limit the Parent’s borrowings from the Indiana Subsidiaries to 10% of the admitted assets of the respective Indiana Subsidiary. The outstanding balance on these intercompany loans was $60.0 million as of June 30, 2024, and $67.0 million as of December 31, 2023. The remaining capacity under these intercompany loan agreements was $121.5 million as of June 30, 2024, and $114.5 million as of December 31, 2023. Additionally, we have other insurance regulator-approved intercompany agreements in place that facilitate liquidity management between the Parent and the Insurance Subsidiaries to enhance flexibility.

Capital Market Activities
The Parent had no private or public stock issuances during Six Months 2024. In addition, we had no common stock share repurchases during Six Months 2024 under our existing share repurchase program. We had $84.2 million of remaining capacity under our share repurchase program as of June 30, 2024. For additional information on the share repurchase program, refer to Note 17. “Equity” in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." of our 2023 Annual Report.

Uses of Liquidity
The Parent uses the liquidity generated from the sources discussed above to pay dividends to our stockholders, among other things. Dividends on shares of the Parent's common and preferred stock are declared and paid at the discretion of the Board based on our operating results, financial condition, capital requirements, contractual restrictions, and other relevant factors. Our Board declared:

•A quarterly cash dividend on common stock of $0.35 per common share that is payable September 3, 2024, to holders of record on August 15, 2024; and
•A quarterly cash dividend of $287.50 per share on our 4.60% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series B (equivalent to $0.28750 per depository share) payable on September 16, 2024, to holders of record as of August 30, 2024.

Our ability to meet our interest and principal repayment obligations on our debt and our ability to continue to pay dividends to our stockholders is dependent on (i) liquidity at the Parent, (ii) the ability of the Insurance Subsidiaries to pay dividends, if necessary, and/or (iii) the availability of other sources of liquidity to the Parent. Our next borrowing principal repayment is $60 million to FHLBI due on December 16, 2026.

Restrictions on the ability of the Insurance Subsidiaries to declare and pay dividends, without alternative liquidity options, could materially affect our ability to service debt and pay dividends on common and preferred stock.

Capital Resources
Capital resources ensure we can pay policyholder claims, furnish the financial strength to support the business of underwriting insurance risks, and facilitate continued business growth. At June 30, 2024, we had GAAP stockholders' equity of $2.9 billion
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and statutory surplus of $2.7 billion. With total debt of $508.8 million at June 30, 2024, our debt-to-capital ratio was 14.8%. For additional information on our statutory surplus, see Note 22. "Statutory Financial Information, Capital Requirements, and Restrictions on Dividends and Transfers of Funds" in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." of our 2023 Annual Report.

The following table summarizes certain contractual obligations we had at June 30, 2024, that may require us to invest additional amounts into our investment portfolio, which we would fund primarily with operating cash flows.

($ in millions)Amount of Obligation
Alternative and other investments$289.3 
Non-publicly traded collateralized loan obligations in our fixed income securities portfolio96.3 
Non-publicly traded common stock within our equity portfolio25.5 
CMLs2.7 
Privately-placed corporate securities64.7 
Total$478.5 

There is no certainty (i) that any such additional investments will be required, and (ii) about the timing of funding. We expect to have the capacity to fund these commitments through our normal operating and investing activities as they come due.

Our current and long-term material cash requirements associated with (i) loss and loss expense reserves, (ii) contractual obligations under operating and financing leases for office space and equipment, and (iii) notes payable, funded primarily with operating cash flows, have not materially changed since December 31, 2023. The Insurance Subsidiaries' net loss and loss expense reserves duration was 3.1 years at December 31, 2023.

Our other cash requirements include, without limitation, dividends to stockholders, capital expenditures, and other operating expenses, including commissions to our distribution partners, labor costs, premium taxes, general and administrative expenses, and income taxes.

As of June 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, we had no (i) material guarantees on behalf of others and trading activities involving non-exchange traded contracts accounted for at fair value, (ii) material transactions with related parties other than those disclosed in Note 18. “Related Party Transactions” in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” of our 2023 Annual Report, and (iii) material relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as structured finance or special purpose entities, established to facilitate off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes. Consequently, we are not exposed to any material financing, liquidity, market, or credit risk related to off-balance sheet arrangements.

We continually monitor our cash requirements and the capital resources we maintain at the holding company and Insurance Subsidiary levels. As part of our long-term capital strategy, we strive to maintain capital metrics that support our targeted financial strength relative to the macroeconomic environment. Based on our analysis and market conditions, we may take a variety of actions, including, without limitation, contributing capital to the Insurance Subsidiaries, issuing additional debt and/or equity securities, repurchasing existing debt, repurchasing shares of the Parent’s common stock, and adjusting common stockholders’ dividends.

Our capital management strategy is intended to protect the interests of the policyholders of the Insurance Subsidiaries and our stockholders and enhance our financial strength and underwriting capacity. We have a solid capital base and high-quality underwriting portfolio, positioning us well to take advantage of potential market opportunities.

Book value per common share decreased 1% to $44.74 as of June 30, 2024, from $45.42 as of December 31, 2023, driven by $0.70 in dividends to our common stockholders and a $0.36 increase in unrealized losses on our fixed income securities portfolio, partially offset by $0.24 in net income (loss) available to common stockholders per diluted common share. The increase in net unrealized losses on our fixed income securities was primarily driven by an increase in benchmark U.S. Treasury rates. Our adjusted book value per share, which is book value per share excluding total after-tax unrealized gains or losses on investments included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), decreased to $49.67 as of June 30, 2024, from $50.03 as of December 31, 2023.

Cash Flows
Net cash provided by operating activities increased to $380.3 million in Six Months 2024, compared to $293.6 million in Six Months 2023, primarily driven by higher levels of cash received for premiums. For more information on our underwriting results, refer to "Insurance Operations" above in this MD&A.
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Net cash used in investing activities increased to $333.3 million in Six Months 2024, compared to $253.6 million in Six Months 2023, as a result of investing more cash from operating activities. Operating cash flows were 16% of NPW in Six Months 2024 compared to 14% of NPW in Six Months 2023.

Net cash used in financing activities remained relatively flat at $49.4 million in Six Months 2024, compared to $44.0 million in Six Months 2023.

Ratings
Our ratings are as follows:

Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations
Financial Strength RatingOutlook
AM Best CompanyA+Stable
Moody's Investors Services ("Moody's")
A2Stable
Fitch Ratings ("Fitch")
A+Stable
Standard & Poor's Global Ratings ("S&P")AStable

On February 28, 2024, S&P reaffirmed our "A" rating with a "stable" outlook. In taking this rating action, S&P cited our (i) strong financial and business risk profiles, (ii) sound underwriting process that produces profitable operating performance, and (iii) very strong capital adequacy.

On May 14, 2024, Fitch reaffirmed our "A+" rating with a "stable" outlook. In taking this rating action, Fitch cited our (i) business profile as having favorable competitive positioning within our core standard lines businesses with strong independent agency relationships, (ii) continued profitable underwriting, (iii) strong capitalization, and (iv) very strong debt service.

On June 26, 2024, Moody's reaffirmed our "A2" rating and changed our rating outlook to "stable" from "positive." In taking this rating action, Moody's cited our (i) strong regional franchise focused on low-to-medium hazard and small-to-midsize commercial accounts, (ii) strong independent agency relationships, (iii) long record of underwriting profitability, and (iv) conservative investment portfolio. In addition, Moody's cited our narrower market presence relative to national peers, contributing to the rating outlook change.

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.

There have been no material changes in the information about market risk set forth in our 2023 Annual Report.

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)), as of the end of the period covered by this report. In performing this evaluation, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control – Integrated Framework ("COSO Framework") in 2013. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of such period are (i) effective in recording, processing, summarizing, and reporting information on a timely basis that we are required to disclose in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act, and (ii) effective in ensuring that information that we are required to disclose in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is appropriately accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions about required disclosure. No changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act) occurred during Second Quarter 2024 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.

Incidental to our insurance operations, we are routinely engaged in legal proceedings with inherently unpredictable outcomes that could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations or cash flows in particular quarterly or annual periods. For additional information regarding our legal risks, refer to Note 13. "Litigation" in Item 1. "Financial Statements." of this Form 10-Q and Item 1A. “Risk Factors.” below in Part II. “Other Information.” As of June 30, 2024, we have no material
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pending legal proceedings that could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS.

Certain risk factors can significantly impact our business, liquidity, capital resources, results of operations, financial condition, and debt ratings. These risk factors might affect, alter, or change our actions in executing our long-term capital strategy. Examples include, without limitation, contributing capital to any or all of the Insurance Subsidiaries, issuing additional debt and/or equity securities, repurchasing our existing debt and/or equity securities, or increasing or decreasing common stockholders' dividends. We operate in a continually changing business environment, and new risk factors that we cannot predict or assess may emerge at any time. Consequently, we can neither predict such new risk factors nor assess the potential future impact on our business. There have been no material changes from the risk factors disclosed in Item 1A. “Risk Factors.” in our 2023 Annual Report.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS.

The following table provides information regarding our purchases of our common stock in Second Quarter 2024:

Period
Total Number of
Shares Purchased1
Average Price
Paid per Share
Total Number of
Shares Purchased
as Part of Publicly
Announced Programs2
Approximate Dollar Value of
Shares that May Yet
Be Purchased Under the Announced Programs
(in millions)2
April 1 – 30, 2024
250 $103.07 — $84.2 
May 1 – 31, 2024
58 96.41 — 84.2 
June 1 – 30, 2024
— — — 84.2 
Total308 $101.82 — $84.2 
1We purchased these shares from employees to satisfy tax withholding obligations associated with the vesting of their restricted stock units.
2On December 2, 2020, we announced our Board of Directors ("Board") authorized a $100 million share repurchase program with no set expiration or termination date. Our repurchase program does not obligate us to acquire any particular amount of our common stock. Management will determine the timing and amount of any share repurchases under the authorization at its discretion based on market conditions and other considerations.

ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES.

None.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.

Not applicable.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION.

During the three months ended June 30, 2024, no director or officer of the Company adopted, modified, or terminated any contract, instruction, or written plan for the purchase or sale of the Company’s securities that was intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) (a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement") or any "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" (as defined in Item 408(c) of Regulation S-K).

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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS.

Exhibit No. 
Amendment No. 1 to Employment Agreement between Selective Insurance Company of America and Joseph Owen Eppers, effective as of June 3, 2024.
Amendment No. 1 to Employment Agreement between Selective Insurance Company of America and Brenda M. Hall, effective as of June 3, 2024.
Amendment No. 1 to Employment Agreement between Selective Insurance Company of America and Anthony D. Harnett, effective as of June 3, 2024.
Amendment No. 1 to Employment Agreement between Selective Insurance Company of America and Jeffrey F. Kamrowski, effective as of June 3, 2024.
Amendment No. 1 to Employment Agreement between Selective Insurance Company of America and Paul Kush, effective as of June 3, 2024.
Amendment No. 1 to Employment Agreement between Selective Insurance Company of America and Michael H. Lanza, effective as of June 3, 2024.
Amendment No. 1 to Employment Agreement between Selective Insurance Company of America and John J. Marchioni, effective as of June 3, 2024.
Amendment No. 1 to Employment Agreement between Selective Insurance Company of America and Vincent M. Senia, effective as of June 3, 2024.
Certification of Chief Executive Officer in accordance with Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
Certification of Chief Financial Officer in accordance with Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
Certification of Chief Executive Officer in accordance with Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
Certification of Chief Financial Officer in accordance with Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
**101
The following financial statements from the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2024, formatted in Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language (iXBRL): (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Income, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss), (iv) Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity, (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
**104
The cover page from the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2024, formatted in iXBRL.
* Filed herewith.
** Furnished and not filed herewith.
+ Management compensation plan or arrangement.
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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

SELECTIVE INSURANCE GROUP, INC.
Registrant 
Date:July 26, 2024By: /s/ John J. Marchioni
 John J. Marchioni
 Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer
(principal executive officer)
Date:July 26, 2024By: /s/ Anthony D. Harnett
Anthony D. Harnett
Senior Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer and Interim Chief Financial Officer
(principal financial officer and principal accounting officer)

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