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美国
证券交易委员会
华盛顿特区20549
______________________________________________________________
表格 10-Q
______________________________________________________________
(标记一)
x根据1934年证券交易法第13或15(d)节的季度报告
截至季度末2024年9月30日
or
o根据1934年证券交易法第13或15(d)节的转型报告书
对于从  到  的过渡期
委托文件编号:001-39866001-13357
______________________________________________________________
皇家黄金股份有限公司.
(按其章程规定的确切注册人名称)
______________________________________________________________
特拉华州
84-0835164
(注册或组织的)提起诉讼的州或其他司法管辖区(如适用)(IRS雇主
1501 Yamato Road唯一识别号码)
1144 15th Street, Suite 2500
丹佛, 科罗拉多州
80202
(主要领导机构的地址)(邮政编码)
注册人的电话号码,包括区号: (303) 573-1660
在法案第12(b)条的规定下注册的证券:
每种类别的证券交易代码每个交易所的名称
普通股票,面值为$0.01
RGLD
纳斯达克全球精选市场
请勾选以下选项以指示注册人是否在过去12个月内(或在注册人需要提交此类报告的较短时间内)已提交证券交易法1934年第13或15(d)条所要求提交的所有报告,并且在过去90天内已受到此类报告提交要求的影响。Yes x 没有 o
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截至2023年7月31日,续借贷款协议下未偿还的借款额为65,756,835 2024年10月30日,皇家黄金普通股的流通股数。




指数
页码
2



第一部分 财务信息
项目1.基本报表
皇家黄金公司。
合并资产负债表
(未经审计,金额以千为单位,股本数据除外)
9月30日,
2024
12月31日,
2023
资产
现金及现金等价物$127,882 $104,167 
专属应收款项50,118 48,884 
应收所得税10,190 2,676 
流存货11,620 9,788 
预付费用和其他2,295 1,911 
总流动资产202,105 167,426 
流通和皇家黄金权益,净值(注3)3,021,324 3,075,574 
其他78,196 118,057 
资产总额$3,301,625 $3,361,057 
负债
应付账款$13,245 $11,441 
分红派息应付款26,320 26,292 
应交所得税30,386 15,557 
其他流动负债16,372 19,132 
流动负债合计86,323 72,422 
债务(注4) 245,967 
递延税款负债132,857 134,299 
Mount Milligan递延负债(注5)25,000  
其他负债6,517 7,728 
负债合计250,697 460,416 
100亿股认可,分别于2024年5月3日和2024年2月2日拥有发行并流通的股份数量
股东权益
优先股,$0.0001.01每股面值,10,000,000授权股份数为0 股票已发行
  
普通股,每股面值为 $0.0001;.01每股面值,200,000,000授权股份数为65,689,35765,631,760分别拥有 和 股已发行股份
657 656 
额外实收资本2,225,788 2,221,039 
未分配利润812,192 666,522 
皇家黄金股东权益总额3,038,637 2,888,217 
非控股权益12,291 12,424 
股东权益总计3,050,928 2,900,641 
负债和所有者权益总额$3,301,625 $3,361,057 
1,049.4
3


皇家黄金公司。
综合收益及综合损益表
(未经审计,金额以千为单位,股本数据除外)
三个月截至九个月结束
9月30日,
2024
9月30日,
2023
9月30日,
2024
9月30日,
2023
营业收入(注6)$193,837 $138,617 $516,835 $453,051 
费用和支出
销售成本(不包括折旧、减值和摊销)27,192 21,351 73,116 69,738 
一般行政10,102 9,927 32,025 30,020 
生产税1,520 1,671 4,550 4,934 
Depreciation, depletion and amortization36,177 40,106 110,689 124,847 
总成本和费用74,991 73,055 220,380 229,539 
营业利润118,846 65,562 296,455 223,512 
权益证券公允价值变动(425)(462)(42)(171)
利息和其他收入626 2,436 4,410 7,348 
利息和其他费用(1,207)(7,285)(8,330)(24,867)
税前收入117,840 60,251 292,493 205,822 
所得税费用(注9)(21,510)(10,752)(67,535)(28,652)
净利润和综合收益96,330 49,499 224,958 177,170 
净利润和全面利润(归属于非控股权益)(88)(162)(343)(509)
净利润和全面利润(归属于皇家黄金普通股东)$96,242 $49,337 $224,615 $176,661 
每股净利润(归属于皇家黄金普通股东):
基本每股收益$1.46 $0.75 $3.41 $2.69 
加权平均每股基本收益65,670,38165,619,40665,652,93465,606,681
摊薄每股收益$1.46 $0.75 $3.41 $2.68 
稀释后加权平均股本65,795,01465,757,07665,767,66865,743,114
每股普通股分红派息$0.40 $0.375 $1.20 $1.125 
附注是这些合并财务报表的一部分。
4


皇家黄金公司。
股东权益变动表
截至2024年9月30日和2023年的三个月
(未经审计,金额以千元为单位,除每股数据外)
皇家黄金股东
普通股份。额外的
实缴
资本
累积的
收益
非控制权益
利益
总计
股权
股份金额
2024年6月30日余额65,656,625$656 $2,225,942 $742,270 $12,325 $2,981,193 
股权补偿和相关股份发行32,7321 (154)— — (153)
分配给非控股股权的股东— — — (122)(122)
净利润和综合收益— — 96,242 88 96,330 
3,341,700— — (26,320)— (26,320)
2024年9月30日的余额65,689,357$657 $2,225,788 $812,192 $12,291 $3,050,928 
皇家黄金股东
普通股份。额外的
实缴
资本
累积的
收益
非控制权益
利益
总计
股权
股份金额
2023年6月30日的余额65,609,736$656 $2,217,559 $605,347 $12,331 $2,835,893 
以股票为基础的补偿和相关股份发行22,024— 1,136 — — 1,136 
分配给非控股股权的股东— — — (97)(97)
净利润和综合收益— — 49,337 162 49,499 
3,341,700— — (24,649)— (24,649)
2023年9月30日结余65,631,760$656 $2,218,695 $630,035 $12,396 $2,861,782 
ROYAL GOLD, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity
Nine months ended September 30, 2024, and 2023
(unaudited, amounts in thousands except share data)

Royal Gold Stockholders
Common SharesAdditional
Paid-In
Capital
Accumulated
Earnings
Non-controlling
Interests
Total
Equity
SharesAmount
Balance at December 31, 202365,631,760$656 $2,221,039 $666,522 $12,424 $2,900,641 
Stock-based compensation and related share issuances57,5971 4,749 — — 4,750 
Distributions to non-controlling interests— — — (476)(476)
Net income and comprehensive income— — 224,615 343 224,958 
Dividends declared— — (78,945)— (78,945)
Balance at September 30, 202465,689,357$657 $2,225,788 $812,192 $12,291 $3,050,928 
Royal Gold Stockholders
Common SharesAdditional
Paid-In
Capital
Accumulated
Earnings
Non-controlling
Interests
Total
Equity
SharesAmount
Balance at December 31, 202265,592,597$656 $2,213,123 $527,314 $12,376 $2,753,469 
Stock-based compensation and related share issuances39,163— 5,572 — — 5,572 
Distributions to non-controlling interests— — — (489)(489)
Net income and comprehensive income— — 176,661 509 177,170 
Dividends declared— — (73,940)— (73,940)
Balance at September 30, 202365,631,760$656 $2,218,695 $630,035 $12,396 $2,861,782 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
5


ROYAL GOLD, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(Unaudited, amounts in thousands)
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2024
September 30,
2023
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income and comprehensive income$224,958 $177,170 
Adjustments to reconcile net income and comprehensive income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation, depletion and amortization110,689 124,847 
Non-cash employee stock compensation expense9,313 7,342 
Fair value changes in equity securities42 171 
Deferred tax benefit4,908 (6,011)
Other 717 592 
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Royalty receivables(1,234)14,678 
Stream inventory(1,832)2,805 
Income tax receivable(7,513)(11,182)
Prepaid expenses and other assets11,240 (3,367)
Accounts payable1,804 1,940 
Income tax payable14,830 6,428 
Mount Milligan deferred liability25,000  
Other liabilities(4,472)(709)
Net cash provided by operating activities$388,450 $314,704 
Cash flows from investing activities:
Acquisition of stream and royalty interests(55,683)(2,678)
Proceeds from Khoemacau debt facility
25,000  
Other(91)(149)
Net cash used in investing activities$(30,774)$(2,827)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Repayment of debt(250,000)(250,000)
Net payments from issuance of common stock(4,564)(1,373)
Common stock dividends(78,917)(73,918)
Other(480)(2,271)
Net cash used in financing activities$(333,961)$(327,562)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and equivalents23,715 (15,685)
Cash and equivalents at beginning of period104,167 118,586 
Cash and equivalents at end of period$127,882 $102,901 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
6

ROYAL GOLD, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Unaudited)

1.     OPERATIONS, SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND RECENT ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
Royal Gold, Inc., together with its subsidiaries (“Royal Gold,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”), is engaged in the business of acquiring and managing precious metals streams, royalties and similar interests. We seek to acquire existing stream and royalty interests or to finance projects that are in production or in the development stage in exchange for stream or royalty interests. A metal stream is a purchase agreement that provides, in exchange for an upfront deposit payment, the right and obligation to purchase all or a portion of one or more metals produced from a mine at a price determined for the life of the transaction by the purchase agreement. Royalties are non-operating interests in a mining project that provide the right to revenue or metals produced from the project after deducting contractually specified costs, if any.
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for annual financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments which are of a normal recurring nature considered necessary for a fair presentation of our interim financial statements have been included in this Form 10-Q. Operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the calendar year ending December 31, 2024. These interim unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on February 15, 2024 (“2023 10-K”).
Recent Accounting Standards
We have evaluated all the recently issued, but not yet effective, accounting standards that have been issued or proposed by the Financial Accounting Standards Board or other standards-setting bodies through the filing date of these unaudited consolidated financial statements and do not believe the future adoption of any such standards will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
2.     ACQUISITIONS
Back River Royalties
On June 26, 2024, International Royalty Corporation, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Royal Gold, acquired a 0.7% net smelter return ("NSR") royalty (the "Hill Royalty") that declines by 50% after $5 million Canadian dollars in royalty revenue is received, and a 26.25% interest in a 5% gross smelter return royalty (the "KM Royalty") that is payable after approximately 780,000 ounces have been produced on the Back River Gold Project ("Back River") for aggregate cash consideration of $51 million. Payments for the Hill Royalty are deductible from the KM Royalty. Back River is operated by B2Gold Corporation and is located in Western Nunavut, Canada.
The Back River royalties have been accounted for as an asset acquisition and the $51 million cash consideration, plus direct transaction costs, have been allocated to development ($42 million) and exploration ($9 million) stage royalty interests within Stream and royalty interests, net on our consolidated balance sheets. The purchase price was funded with available cash on hand.
7

ROYAL GOLD, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Unaudited)
3.     STREAM AND ROYALTY INTERESTS, NET
The following tables summarize our stream and royalty interests, net as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
As of September 30, 2024 (Amounts in thousands):CostAccumulated DepletionNet
Production stage stream interests:
Mount Milligan$790,635 $(455,549)$335,086 
Pueblo Viejo610,404 (306,451)303,953 
Andacollo388,182 (173,673)214,509 
Khoemacau
265,911 (55,365)210,546 
Rainy River175,727 (82,771)92,956 
Other237,059 (149,939)87,120 
Total production stage stream interests2,467,918 (1,223,748)1,244,170 
Production stage royalty interests:
Cortez (Legacy Zone and CC Zone)353,850 (76,378)277,472 
Voisey's Bay205,724 (123,350)82,374 
Red Chris116,187 (5,966)110,221 
Peñasquito99,172 (63,543)35,629 
Other509,717 (416,069)93,648 
Total production stage royalty interests1,284,650 (685,306)599,344 
Total production stage stream and royalty interests3,752,568 (1,909,054)1,843,514 
Development stage stream interests:
Other12,038 — 12,038 
Development stage royalty interests:
Back River42,948 — 42,948 
La Fortuna35,140 — 35,140 
Other30,844 — 30,844 
Total development stage stream and royalty interests120,970 — 120,970 
Exploration stage stream interests:
Xavantina19,563 — 19,563 
Exploration stage royalty interests:
Cortez (Legacy Zone and CC Zone)456,479 — 456,479 
Great Bear209,106 — 209,106 
Pascua-Lama177,690 — 177,690 
Red Chris48,895 — 48,895 
Côté29,610 — 29,610 
Other115,497 — 115,497 
Total exploration stage stream and royalty interests1,056,840 — 1,056,840 
Total stream and royalty interests, net$4,930,378 $(1,909,054)$3,021,324 
8

ROYAL GOLD, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Unaudited)
As of December 31, 2023 (Amounts in thousands):CostAccumulated DepletionNet
Production stage stream interests:
Mount Milligan$790,635 $(430,106)$360,529 
Pueblo Viejo610,404 (299,354)311,050 
Andacollo388,182 (165,553)222,629 
Khoemacau
265,911 (41,635)224,276 
Rainy River175,727 (74,858)100,869 
Other232,703 (132,043)100,660 
Total production stage stream interests2,463,562 (1,143,549)1,320,013 
Production stage royalty interests:
Cortez (Legacy Zone and CC Zone)353,850 (61,891)291,959 
Voisey's Bay205,724 (121,000)84,724 
Red Chris116,187 (3,758)112,429 
Peñasquito99,172 (59,900)39,272 
Other448,899 (408,522)40,377 
Total production stage royalty interests1,223,832 (655,071)568,761 
Total production stage stream and royalty interests3,687,394 (1,798,620)1,888,774 
Development stage stream interests:
Other12,038 — 12,038 
Development stage royalty interests:
Côté45,421 — 45,421 
La Fortuna35,140 — 35,140 
Other45,992 — 45,992 
Total development stage stream and royalty interests138,591 — 138,591 
Exploration stage stream interests:
Xavantina19,565 — 19,565 
Exploration stage royalty interests:
Cortez (Legacy Zone and CC Zone)456,479 — 456,479 
Great Bear209,106 — 209,106 
Pascua-Lama177,690 — 177,690 
Red Chris48,895 — 48,895 
Côté29,610 — 29,610 
Other106,864 — 106,864 
Total exploration stage stream and royalty interests1,048,209 — 1,048,209 
Total stream and royalty interests, net$4,874,194 $(1,798,620)$3,075,574 

9

ROYAL GOLD, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Unaudited)
4.     DEBT
Our debt as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 consists of the following (amounts in thousands):
As of September 30, 2024As of December 31, 2023
Principal
Debt Issuance Costs (1)
Total PrincipalDebt Issuance CostsTotal
(Amounts in thousands)(Amounts in thousands)
Revolving credit facility$ $ $ $250,000 $(4,033)$245,967 
Total debt$ $ $ $250,000 $(4,033)$245,967 
_______________________________________________
(1)Debt issuance costs of $3.4 million included within Other assets on our consolidated balance sheets.
Revolving credit facility
During the three months ended September 30, 2024, we repaid the remaining $50 million of outstanding borrowings on our revolving credit facility, making the entire $1 billion revolving credit facility available as of September 30, 2024. Interest expense, which includes interest on borrowings and amortization of debt issuance costs, was $0.5 million and $6.1 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, and $6.7 million and $23.0 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. We were in compliance with each financial covenant (leverage ratio and interest coverage ratio) under our revolving credit facility as of September 30, 2024.
We may repay any borrowings under our revolving credit facility at any time without premium or penalty.
5.     MOUNT MILLIGAN DEFERRED LIABILITY
On February 13, 2024, RGLD Gold AG, a subsidiary of the Company, entered into a Processing Cost Support Agreement (the "Mount Milligan Cost Support Agreement") with Centerra Gold Inc. ("Centerra") with respect to the Mount Milligan Mine ("Mount Milligan") for cash consideration of $24.5 million, 50,000 ounces ("Deferred Gold Consideration") of gold to be delivered in the future and a free cash flow interest. The cost support allowed for the extension of the mine from 2032 to 2035 and the potential to extend the mine life beyond 2035.
The value of the cash consideration and free cash flow interest received from Centerra is recorded as a deferred liability in our consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2024. This amount will be amortized as we provide future cost support to Centerra under the Mount Milligan Cost Support Agreement on a units of production basis over the Mount Milligan mine life beginning with the first cost support payment made after the First Threshold (defined below) is met.
The key features of the Mount Milligan Cost Support Agreement are discussed below.
Deferred Gold Consideration
The Deferred Gold Consideration will be delivered in equal installments of 2,500 ounces for a period of 20 quarters commencing on the earlier of June 30, 2030, or the delivery of 375,000 ounces of gold or 30,000 tonnes of copper from metal deliveries referenced by the Mount Milligan Cost Support Agreement with a bill of lading date on or after January 1, 2024. As part of the Deferred Gold Consideration, we are entitled to receive three tranches of 11,111 ounces each (the "Greenstone Deliveries"), with the last delivery expected before year end 2027. Each of the Greenstone Deliveries received shall reduce the number of ounces in any remaining Deferred Gold Consideration delivery on a pro-rata basis. The Deferred Gold Consideration deliveries require no cash payment from the Company, and will be made irrespective of the operating status of Mount Milligan as long as we comply with the terms of the Mount Milligan Cost Support Agreement and existing stream agreement. Each of the Greenstone Deliveries will be delivered to Royal Gold within 30 days of such delivery to Centerra.
When the Deferred Gold Consideration is received and subsequently sold, we anticipate the value of the gold ounces sold will be recorded as a deferred liability and amortized on a units of production basis over the mine life of Mount Milligan as we provide future cost support.

10

ROYAL GOLD, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Unaudited)
Cost Support
Metal deliveries referenced in the Mount Milligan Cost Support Agreement are those with a bill of lading date on or after January 1, 2024 (the "Reference Date"). Delivery thresholds used to define the periods of cost support are the earlier deliveries of:
a.375,000 ounces of gold or 30,000 tonnes of copper from the Reference Date (the “First Threshold”).
b.665,000 ounces of gold or 60,000 tonnes of copper from the Reference Date (the “Second Threshold”).
Near-Term Cost Support Through Approximately 2029
At Centerra’s request, in the event that both the gold price is at or below $1,600 per ounce and the copper price is at or below $3.50 per pound, for each delivery under the existing Mount Milligan stream agreement, we will pay the lower of either $415 per ounce of gold, or 66% of the spot gold price less $435 per ounce, and 35% of the spot copper price for each pound of copper delivered (the “Pre-Threshold Support”). This near-term cost support will be made available from the Reference Date through to the First Threshold, which is expected to be through approximately 2029.
Any Pre-Threshold Support we provide will be recoverable from any cost support calculated after the First Threshold at metal prices above $1,600 per ounce of gold and $3.50 per pound of copper. For gold, any cost support payment will be reduced by the difference between the gold price and $1,600 per ounce. For copper, any cost support payment will be reduced by the difference between the copper price and $3.50 per pound.
Cost Support from Approximately 2030 Through Approximately 2035
We will provide Centerra cost support payments from the First Threshold until the Second Threshold as follows:
a.With respect to gold, the lower of either $415 per ounce, or 50% of the spot gold price less $435 per ounce, for each ounce of gold delivered under the existing Mount Milligan stream agreement.
b.With respect to copper, 35% of the spot copper price for each pound of copper delivered under the existing Mount Milligan stream agreement.
Cost Support After Approximately 2036
We will provide Centerra cost support payments after the Second Threshold as follows:
a.With respect to gold, the lower of either $615 per ounce, or 66% of the spot gold price less $435 per ounce, for each ounce of gold delivered under the existing Mount Milligan stream agreement.
b.With respect to copper, 51% of the spot copper price, for each pound of copper delivered.
Suspension of Cost Support
Our obligation to make long-term cost support payments will be suspended if (and for so long as) Centerra discloses reserve tonnage which, when combined with mining depletion from the Reference Date to the date of such disclosure, is less than the current reserves expected to be processed through to 2035. Suspension of cost support payments will not impact the Deferred Gold Consideration and free cash flow interest, and the cash consideration is not refundable as long as we comply with the terms of the Mount Milligan Cost Support Agreement and the existing stream agreement.
Nothing in the Mount Milligan Cost Support Agreement modifies the existing stream agreement, including the payment of $435 for each gold ounce delivered and 15% of the spot price for each pound of copper delivered.
6.     REVENUE
Revenue Recognition
A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer control of a distinct good or service (or integrated package of goods and/or services) to a customer. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation
11

ROYAL GOLD, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Unaudited)
and recognized as revenue when, or as, a performance obligation is satisfied. In accordance with this guidance, revenue attributable to our stream interests and royalty interests is generally recognized at the point in time that control of the related metal production transfers to our customers. The amount of revenue we recognize further reflects the consideration to which we are entitled under the respective stream or royalty agreement. A more detailed summary of our revenue recognition policies for our stream and royalty interests is discussed below.
Stream Interests
A metal stream is a purchase agreement that provides, in exchange for an upfront deposit payment, the right and obligation to purchase all or a portion of one or more of the metals produced from a mine, at a price determined for the life of the transaction by the purchase agreement. Gold, silver and copper received under our metal streaming agreements are taken into inventory, and then sold primarily at cash average or spot market prices. The sales price for the averaging contracts is determined by the average daily gold, silver or copper spot prices during the term of the contract, typically a consecutive period between ten days and three months (depending on the frequency of deliveries under the respective streaming agreement and our sales policy in effect at the time), commencing shortly after receipt and purchase of the metal. We settle both averaging and spot sales contracts via physical delivery of the metal to the purchaser (our customer) on the settlement date specified in the contract. Under our sales contracts, there is a single performance obligation to sell a contractually specified volume of metal to the purchaser, and we satisfy this obligation at the point in time of physical delivery. Accordingly, revenue from our metal sales is recognized on the date of settlement, which is the date that control, custody and title to the metal transfer to the purchaser.
Royalty Interests
Royalties are non-operating interests in mining projects that provide the right to a percentage of revenue or metals produced from the project after deducting specified costs, if any. We are entitled to payment for our royalty interest in a mining project based on a contractually specified commodity price (for example, a monthly or quarterly average spot price) for the period in which metal production occurs. As a royalty holder, we act as a passive entity in the production and operations of the mining project, and the third-party operator of the mining project is responsible for all mining activities, including subsequent marketing and delivery of all metal production to their ultimate customer. In all of our material royalty interest arrangements, we have concluded that we transfer control of our interest in the metal production to the operator at the point at which production occurs, and thus, the operator is our customer. We have further determined that the transfer of each unit of metal production comprising our royalty interest to the operator represents a separate performance obligation under the contract, and each performance obligation is satisfied at the point in time of metal production by the operator. Accordingly, we recognize revenue attributable to our royalty interests in the period in which metal production occurs at the specified commodity price per the agreement, net of any contractually allowable costs.
Royalty Revenue Estimates
For a small number of our royalty interests, we may not receive, or be entitled to receive, payment information, including production information from the operator, for the period in which metal production occurred prior to issuance of our financial statements for that period. As a result, we may estimate revenue for these royalties based on available information, including public information, from the operator. If adequate information is not available from the operator or from other public sources before we issue our financial statements, we will recognize royalty revenue during the period in which the necessary payment information is received. Differences between estimates and actual amounts could differ significantly and are recorded in the period that the actual amounts are known. Please also refer to our “Use of Estimates” accounting policy discussed in our 2023 10-K. For the three months ended September 30, 2024, royalty revenue that was estimated or was attributable to metal production for a period prior to September 30, 2024, was not material.
Disaggregation of Revenue
We have identified two material revenue sources in our business: stream interests and royalty interests. These identified revenue sources are consistent with our reportable segments as discussed in Note 10.
12

ROYAL GOLD, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Unaudited)
Revenue by metal type attributable to each of our revenue sources is disaggregated as follows (amounts in thousands):
Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2024
September 30,
2023
September 30,
2024
September 30,
2023
Stream revenue:
Gold$100,126 $72,540 $270,000 $231,396 
Silver20,026 14,419 51,653 51,958 
Copper12,900 12,019 36,878 36,628 
Total stream revenue$133,052 $98,978 $358,531 $319,982 
Royalty revenue:
Gold$46,837 $35,993 $117,504 $109,030 
Silver3,674 441 12,981 6,108 
Copper4,808 1,524 12,077 8,154 
Other5,466 1,681 15,742 9,777 
Total royalty revenue$60,785 $39,639 $158,304 $133,069 
Total revenue$193,837 $138,617 $516,835 $453,051 
Revenue attributable to our principal stream and royalty interests is disaggregated as follows (amounts in thousands):
Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended
Metal(s)September 30,
2024
September 30,
2023
September 30,
2024
September 30,
2023
Stream revenue:
Mount MilliganGold & Copper$56,570 $33,876 $143,704 $121,739 
Pueblo ViejoGold & Silver26,585 16,688 64,147 62,586 
AndacolloGold9,652 14,644 31,949 35,401 
Khoemacau
Silver7,996 9,047 24,148 27,082 
OtherGold & Silver32,249 24,723 94,583 73,174 
Total stream revenue$133,052 $98,978 $358,531 $319,982 
Royalty revenue:
Cortez Legacy ZoneGold$13,047 $19,668 $41,610 $57,062 
Cortez CC ZoneGold2,739 2,948 7,713 9,674 
PeñasquitoGold, Silver, Lead & Zinc9,356  29,863 13,538 
OtherVarious35,643 17,023 79,118 52,795 
Total royalty revenue$60,785 $39,639 $158,304 $133,069 
Total revenue$193,837 $138,617 $516,835 $453,051 

Peñasquito Revenue

During the three months ended September 30, 2023, no royalty revenue from Peñasquito was recognized due to the suspension of operations resulting from a strike action on June 7, 2023, by the National Union of Mine and Metal Workers of the Mexican Republic (the "Union"). Newmont Corporation and the Union reached a definitive agreement on October 13, 2023 and Peñasquito's operations reached full operating capacity by the end of the fourth quarter of 2023.

Please refer to Note 10 for the geographical distribution of our revenue by reportable segment.
13

ROYAL GOLD, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Unaudited)
7.     STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION
We recognized stock-based compensation expense as follows (amounts in thousands):
Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2024
September 30,
2023
September 30,
2024
September 30,
2023
Restricted stock$1,667 $1,538 $5,562 $4,692 
Performance stock1,310 1,105 3,751 2,098 
Stock appreciation rights 116  533 
Stock options 4  19 
Total stock-based compensation expense$2,977 $2,763 $9,313 $7,342 
Stock-based compensation expense is included within General and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.
We granted the following stock-based compensation awards:
Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2024
September 30,
2023
September 30,
2024
September 30,
2023
(Number of shares)(Number of shares)
Performance stock (at maximum 200% attainment)
38093,84082,740
Restricted Stock18065,85056,710
Total equity awards granted560159,690139,450
As of September 30, 2024, unrecognized compensation expense (expressed in thousands below) and weighted-average vesting period for each of our stock-based compensation awards were as follows:
Unrecognized
compensation
expense
Weighted-
average vesting
period (years)
Restricted stock$7,930 1.9
Performance stock6,125 1.9
8.     EARNINGS PER SHARE (“EPS”)
Basic EPS was computed using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period, considering the effect of participating securities. Unvested stock-based compensation awards that contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents are considered participating securities and are included in the computation of EPS pursuant to the two-class method. Our unvested restricted stock awards contain non-forfeitable dividend rights and participate equally with common stock with respect to dividends issued or declared. Our unexercised stock option awards, unexercised stock-settled stock appreciation rights and unvested performance stock do not contain rights to dividends. Under the two-class method, the earnings used to determine basic EPS are reduced by an amount allocated to participating securities. Use of the two-class method has an immaterial impact on the calculation of basic and diluted EPS.
14

ROYAL GOLD, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Unaudited)
The following table summarizes the effects of dilutive securities on diluted EPS for the periods shown below (amounts in thousands, except share data):
Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2024
September 30,
2023
September 30,
2024
September 30,
2023
Net income attributable to Royal Gold common stockholders$96,242 $49,337 $224,615 $176,661 
Weighted-average shares for basic EPS65,670,38165,619,40665,652,93465,606,681
Effect of other dilutive securities124,633137,670114,734136,433
Weighted-average shares for diluted EPS65,795,01465,757,07665,767,66865,743,114
Basic EPS$1.46 $0.75 $3.41 $2.69 
Diluted EPS$1.46 $0.75 $3.41 $2.68 
9.     INCOME TAXES
The following table provides the income tax expense (amounts in thousands) and effective tax rates for the periods indicated:
Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2024
September 30,
2023
September 30,
2024
September 30,
2023
Income tax expense$21,510$10,752$67,535$28,652
Effective tax rate18.3 %17.8 %23.1 %13.9 %
The effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, included a $13.0 million discrete U.S. GILTI income tax expense related to the consideration from the Mount Milligan Cost Support Agreement. The effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 included a discrete income tax benefit of $8.5 million attributable to the release of a valuation allowance on certain foreign deferred tax assets.
10.     SEGMENT INFORMATION
We manage our business under two reportable segments, consisting of the acquisition and management of stream interests and the acquisition and management of royalty interests. Our long-lived assets (stream and royalty interests, net) are geographically distributed as shown in the following table (amounts in thousands):
As of September 30, 2024As of December 31, 2023
Stream
interest
Royalty
interest
Total stream
and royalty
interests, net
Stream
interest
Royalty
interest
Total stream
and royalty
interests, net
Canada$428,042 $660,950 $1,088,992 $461,398 $614,900 $1,076,298 
Dominican Republic303,954  303,954 311,050  311,050 
Africa242,378 321 242,699 264,529 321 264,850 
Chile214,509 224,116 438,625 222,629 224,116 446,745 
United States 778,496 778,496  794,891 794,891 
Mexico 35,629 35,629  41,803 41,803 
Australia 19,908 19,908  21,288 21,288 
Rest of world86,888 26,133 113,021 92,010 26,639 118,649 
Total $1,275,771 $1,745,553 $3,021,324 $1,351,616 $1,723,958 $3,075,574 
15

ROYAL GOLD, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Unaudited)
Our reportable segments for purposes of assessing performance are shown below (amounts in thousands):
Three Months Ended September 30, 2024
Revenue
Cost of sales (1)
Production taxes
Depletion (2)
Segment gross profit
Stream interests$133,052 $27,192 $ $26,674 $79,186 
Royalty interests60,785  1,520 9,417 49,848 
Total $193,837 $27,192 $1,520 $36,091 $129,034 
Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
Revenue
Cost of sales (1)
Production taxes
Depletion (2)
Segment gross profit
Stream interests$98,978 $21,351 $ $30,433 $47,194 
Royalty interests39,639  1,671 9,556 28,412 
Total$138,617 $21,351 $1,671 $39,989 $75,606 

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
Revenue
Cost of sales (1)
Production taxes
Depletion (2)
Segment gross profit
Stream interests$358,531 $73,116 $ $80,199 $205,216 
Royalty interests158,304  4,550 30,234 123,520 
Total$516,835 $73,116 $4,550 $110,433 $328,736 
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Revenue
Cost of sales (1)
Production taxes
Depletion (2)
Segment gross profit
Stream interests$319,982 $69,738 $ $93,537 $156,707 
Royalty interests133,069  4,934 30,964 97,171 
Total$453,051 $69,738 $4,934 $124,501 $253,878 
_______________________________________________
(1)Excludes depreciation, depletion and amortization.
(2)Depletion amounts are included within Depreciation, depletion and amortization on our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.
16

ROYAL GOLD, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Unaudited)
A reconciliation of total segment gross profit to the consolidated Income before income taxes is shown below (amounts in thousands):
Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2024
September 30,
2023
September 30,
2024
September 30,
2023
Total segment gross profit$129,034 $75,606 $328,736 $253,878 
Costs and expenses
General and administrative expenses10,102 9,927 32,025 30,020 
Depreciation and amortization86 117 256 346 
Operating income118,846 65,562 296,455 223,512 
Fair value changes in equity securities(425)(462)(42)(171)
Interest and other income626 2,436 4,410 7,348 
Interest and other expense(1,207)(7,285)(8,330)(24,867)
Income before income taxes$117,840 $60,251 $292,493 $205,822 
Our revenue by reportable segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, is geographically distributed as shown in the following table (amounts in thousands):
Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2024
September 30,
2023
September 30,
2024
September 30,
2023
Stream interests:
Canada$66,372 $42,577 $173,737 $150,405 
Dominican Republic26,585 16,688 64,147 62,586 
Africa19,973 18,092 59,470 54,394 
Chile9,652 14,644 31,949 35,401 
Rest of world10,470 6,977 29,228 17,196 
Total stream interests$133,052 $98,978 $358,531 $319,982 
Royalty interests:
United States$34,131 $28,237 $83,484 $85,082 
Mexico10,853 1,964 34,509 19,413 
Australia7,476 4,696 19,498 13,874 
Canada5,269 3,090 13,435 9,585 
Rest of world3,056 1,652 7,378 5,115 
Total royalty interests$60,785 $39,639 $158,304 $133,069 
Total revenue$193,837 $138,617 $516,835 $453,051 
11.     FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
Fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, we utilize a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:
Level 1: Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets;
17

ROYAL GOLD, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Unaudited)
Level 2: Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets; and
Level 3: Prices or valuation techniques requiring inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable (supported by little or no market activity).
As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had financial assets in the form of marketable securities which are measured at fair value on a recurring basis; however, the carrying value of such financial assets is not material.
The carrying value of our revolving credit facility (Note 4) approximates fair value as of September 30, 2024.
As of September 30, 2024, we had assets that, under certain conditions, are subject to measurement at fair value on a non-recurring basis like those associated with stream and royalty interests, intangible assets and other long-lived assets. For these assets, measurement at fair value in periods subsequent to their initial recognition is applicable if any of these assets are determined to be impaired. If recognition of these assets at their fair value becomes necessary, such measurements will be determined utilizing Level 3 inputs.
12.     COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Ilovica Gold Stream Acquisition
As of September 30, 2024, our conditional funding schedule of $163.75 million, as part of the Ilovica gold stream acquisition entered into in October 2014, remains subject to certain conditions.
18


ITEM 2.     MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
General Presentation
This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is intended to provide information to assist you in better understanding and evaluating the financial condition and results of operations of Royal Gold. You should read this MD&A in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, as well as the audited consolidated financial statements included in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on February 15, 2024 (“2023 10-K”).
This MD&A contains forward-looking information. You should review our important note about forward-looking statements following this MD&A.
We do not own, develop, or mine the properties on which we hold stream or royalty interests. Certain information provided in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q about operating properties in which we hold interests, including information about mineral resources and reserves, historical production, production estimates, property descriptions, and property developments, was provided to us by the operators of those properties or is publicly available information filed by these operators with applicable securities regulatory bodies, in certain cases including the SEC. We have not verified, and are not in a position to verify, and expressly disclaim any responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or fairness of, this third-party information and refer the reader to the public reports filed by the operators for information regarding those properties.
Unless the context otherwise requires, references to “Royal Gold,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Royal Gold, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.
Overview of Our Business
We acquire and manage precious metal streams, royalties, and similar interests. We seek to acquire existing stream and royalty interests or finance projects that are in production or in the development stage in exchange for stream or royalty interests.
We manage our business under two segments:
Acquisition and Management of Stream Interests — A metal stream is a purchase agreement that provides, in exchange for an upfront deposit payment, the right and obligation to purchase all or a portion of one or more metals produced from a mine, at a price determined for the life of the transaction by the purchase agreement. As of September 30, 2024, we owned nine stream interests, which are on seven producing properties and two development stage properties. Stream interests accounted for approximately 69% of our total revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 71% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023. We expect stream interests to continue representing a significant portion of our total revenue.
Acquisition and Management of Royalty Interests — Royalties are non-operating interests in mining projects that provide the right to revenue or metals produced from the project after deducting specified costs, if any. As of September 30, 2024, we owned royalty interests on 33 producing properties, 17 development stage properties and 116 exploration stage properties, of which we consider 50 to be evaluation stage projects. We use “evaluation stage” to describe exploration stage properties that contain mineral resources and on which operators are engaged in the search for mineral reserves. Royalty interests accounted for 31% of our total revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 29% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023.
We do not conduct mining operations on the properties in which we hold stream and royalty interests, and we generally are not required to contribute to capital costs, exploration costs, environmental costs or other operating costs on those properties.
We are continually reviewing opportunities to grow our portfolio, whether through the creation or acquisition of new or existing stream or royalty interests or other acquisition activity. We generally have acquisition opportunities in various stages of review. Our review process may include, for example, engaging consultants and advisors to analyze an opportunity; analysis of technical, financial, legal, environmental, social, governance and other confidential information regarding an opportunity; submission of indications of interest and term sheets; participation in preliminary discussions and negotiations; and involvement as a bidder in competitive processes.
19


Business Trends and Uncertainties
Metal Prices
Our financial results are primarily tied to the price of gold, silver, copper, and other metals. Metal prices have fluctuated widely in recent years and we expect this volatility to continue. The marketability and price of metals are influenced by numerous factors beyond our control, and significant changes in metal prices can have a material effect on our revenue.
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, average metal prices and percentages of revenue by metal were as follows:
Three Months Ended
Nine Months Ended
September 30, 2024September 30, 2023September 30, 2024September 30, 2023
Metal
Average
Price
Percentage
of Revenue
Average
Price
Percentage
of Revenue
Average
Price
Percentage
of Revenue
Average
Price
Percentage
of Revenue
Gold ($/ounce)(1)
$2,474 76%$1,928 78%$2,296 75%$1,931 75%
Silver ($/ounce)(1)
$29.43 12%$23.57 11%$27.22 13%$23.40 13%
Copper ($/pound)(2)
$4.18 9%$3.79 10%$4.14 9%$3.89 10%
OtherN/A3%N/A1%N/A3%N/A2%
(1)Based on the average U.S. dollars London Bullion Market Association PM fixing price for gold and daily fixing price for silver, as applicable.
(2)Based on the average U.S. dollars London Metals Exchange settlement price for copper.
Recent Developments
Back River Royalties Acquisition
On June 26, 2024, International Royalty Corporation, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Royal Gold, acquired a 0.7% net smelter return royalty (the "Hill Royalty") that declines by 50% after $5 million Canadian dollars in royalty revenue is received, and a 26.25% interest in a 5% gross smelter return ("GSR") royalty (the "KM Royalty") that is payable after approximately 780,000 ounces have been produced on the Back River Gold Project ("Back River") for aggregate cash consideration of $51 million. Payments for the Hill Royalty are deductible from the KM Royalty. When considered together, the royalty interests are equivalent to an approximate effective 1.1% GSR royalty rate over the majority of the mine life. Back River is operated by B2Gold Corporation and is located in Western Nunavut, Canada. Refer to Note 2 to the notes to consolidated financial statements for more information on the Back River royalties acquisition.
Property Developments
This section provides recent updates for our principal properties as reported by the operators, either directly to us or in their publicly available documents.
Stream Interests
Andacollo
Gold stream deliveries from Andacollo were approximately 5,200 ounces for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to approximately 9,300 ounces for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The decrease in deliveries was primarily due to lower tonnes milled as a result of water restrictions caused by extreme drought conditions earlier in the year. Stream deliveries typically occur approximately six months after mine production and are based on a fixed payability factor of 89%.
On October 24, 2024, Teck Resources Limited reported improved mill throughput in the September 2024 quarter driven by increased water availability.
Khoemacau
Silver stream deliveries from Khoemacau were approximately 288,200 ounces for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to approximately 315,000 ounces for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The decrease in
20


deliveries in the current period primarily resulted from lower tonnage milled. Stream deliveries are based on a fixed payability factor of 90% and typically occur 1 to 2 months after mine production.
On October 24, 2024, MMG Limited (“MMG”) reported improved mining and milling volumes and higher ore grades at Zone 5 during the September 2024 quarter compared to the previous quarter. According to MMG, operations were enhanced due to the gradual onboarding of skilled labor and increased availability of equipment, and the mining sequence allowed access to higher-grade areas. Improved controls on dilution also supported the increase in ore mined grades. MMG also reported that underground development advance increased by 25% during the quarter, which MMG expects will lead to greater mining volumes, access to higher-grade mining areas, and will increase mining flexibility in the near and medium term.
MMG also reported that it expects production at Zone 5 to further ramp up over the next year, and that it is committed to accessing the higher-grade areas to achieve an annual production of 60,000 tonnes of copper in concentrate by 2026. This will be facilitated by ongoing mining development efforts to increase mining fronts, operational flexibility and access to higher-grade areas. These efforts will be further enhanced by constructing a paste fill plant to increase extraction rates and completion of the installation of primary vent fans.
MMG plans to expand total production capacity at Khoemacau to 130,000 tonnes of copper in concentrate per annum by building a new 4.5 million tonne per annum process plant, increasing Zone 5 output, and developing additional deposits. MMG expects to begin the expansion feasibility study by the end of 2024, with construction to begin in 2026, production of first concentrate in 2028, and full capacity reached by 2029. Any expanded production from the Zone 5 and Mango NE deposits falls within the area of interest covered by our silver stream.
Mount Milligan
Gold stream deliveries from Mount Milligan were approximately 22,100 ounces for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to approximately 13,000 ounces for the three months ended September 30, 2023. Copper stream deliveries from Mount Milligan were approximately 3.9 million pounds during the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to approximately 2.4 million pounds during the three months ended September 30, 2023. The increase in deliveries was primarily due to increased mill throughput, as well as higher gold grade earlier in 2024. Stream metal deliveries typically occur approximately six months after mine production. Gold stream deliveries are based on a fixed payability factor of 97% and copper stream deliveries are based on a minimum payability factor of 95%.
On October 31, 2024, Centerra Gold Inc. ("Centerra") reported that 2024 production guidance at the Mount Milligan mine in British Columbia remains unchanged at 180,000 to 200,000 ounces of gold and 55 to 65 million pounds of copper, with gold production trending towards the lower end of the range.
Centerra also reported that work continued on the site-wide optimization program, and notable achievements during the first nine months of 2024 include an improved safety record, increased availability and utilization of the haul fleet, and consistent ore supply which has led to increased mill throughput per operating day. In addition, Centerra is progressing work on a preliminary economic assessment (“PEA”) to evaluate the substantial mineral resources at Mount Milligan with a goal to unlock additional value beyond its current 2035 mine life. Centerra expects the PEA to be completed towards the end of the first half of 2025.
Pueblo Viejo
Gold stream deliveries from Pueblo Viejo were approximately 6,000 ounces for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to approximately 5,000 ounces for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The increase in gold deliveries was primarily due to increased throughput in the current period. Gold stream deliveries are based on a fixed payability factor of 99.9%.
Silver stream deliveries were approximately 89,600 ounces for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to approximately 171,100 ounces for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The decrease in silver deliveries was primarily due to lower silver recoveries, partially offset by higher throughput. Silver stream deliveries are based on a fixed payability factor of 99.0%. Deliveries are quarterly and typically occur 1 to 3 months after mine production.
On October 16, 2024, Barrick Gold Corporation reported that Pueblo Viejo delivered a 23% improvement in gold production in the third quarter of 2024 compared to the second quarter of 2024 due to continued plant optimization.
21


Royalty Interests
Cortez
Production attributable to our royalty interest at the Cortez Complex was approximately 161,800 ounces of gold for the three months ended September 30, 2024, of which 45,300 ounces were attributable to the Legacy Zone, and 116,500 ounces were attributable to the CC Zone, compared to approximately 218,800 ounces of gold for the three months ended September 30, 2023, of which 98,800 ounces were attributable to the Legacy Zone, and 120,000 ounces were attributable to the CC Zone.
Peñasquito
Production attributable to our royalty interest at Peñasquito was approximately 55,700 ounces of gold, 5.7 million ounces of silver, 36.4 million pounds of lead and 133.6 million pounds of zinc for the three months ended September 30, 2024. During the three months ended September 30, 2023, no royalty production from Peñasquito was reported due to the suspension of operations resulting from a labor strike that was subsequently resolved in October 2023.
October 18, 2024, Newmont Corporation ("Newmont") reported that it had agreed on a new Collective Bargain Agreement (“CBA”) for 2024-2026 with the National Union of Mining, Metallurgical, Steel, and Similar Workers of Mexico. According to Newmont, this CBA provides a solid foundation for continuing operations at Peñasquito.
On October 23, 2024, Newmont reported that it delivered steady gold, silver, lead and zinc production in the current quarter from the Chile Colorado pit and commenced mining ore in the higher gold grade Peñasco pit, ahead of plan due to efficient stripping. Newmont expects this will result in an increase in gold production in the fourth quarter of 2024 and into 2025.
Results of Operations
Quarter Ended September 30, 2024, Compared to Quarter Ended September 30, 2023
For the three months ended September 30, 2024, we recorded net income and comprehensive income attributable to Royal Gold stockholders (“net income”) of $96.2 million, or $1.46 per basic and diluted share, as compared to net income of $49.3 million, or $0.75 per basic and diluted share, for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The increase in net income was primarily attributable to higher revenue and lower interest expense, each discussed below.
For the three months ended September 30, 2024, we recognized total revenue of $193.8 million, comprised of stream revenue of $133.1 million and royalty revenue of $60.8 million at an average gold price of $2,474 per ounce, an average silver price of $29.43 per ounce and an average copper price of $4.18 per pound. This is compared to total revenue of $138.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, comprised of stream revenue of $99.0 million and royalty revenue of $39.6 million, at an average gold price of $1,928 per ounce, an average silver price of $23.57 per ounce and an average copper price of $3.79 per pound. Revenue and the corresponding production attributable to our stream and royalty interests for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023, are as follows:
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Revenue and Reported Production Subject to Our Stream and Royalty Interests
(Amounts in thousands, except reported production oz. and lbs.)
Three Months Ended Three Months Ended
September 30, 2024September 30, 2023
ReportedReported
Stream/RoyaltyMetal(s)Revenue
Production(1)
Revenue
Production(1)
Stream(2):
Mount Milligan$56,570 $33,876 
Gold17,600 oz.11,300 oz.
Copper3.1 Mlbs.3.2 Mlbs.
Pueblo Viejo$26,585 $16,688 
Gold7,000 oz.6,800 oz.
Silver332,700 oz.150,700 oz.
AndacolloGold$9,652 4,000 oz.$14,644 7,500 oz.
Khoemacau
Silver$7,996 275,200 oz.$9,047 386,100 oz.
Other(3)
$32,249 $24,723 
Gold12,100 oz.11,900 oz.
Silver80,300 oz.76,900 oz.
Total stream revenue$133,052 $98,978 
.
Royalty(2):
Cortez Legacy ZoneGold$13,047 45,300 oz.$19,668 98,800 oz.
Cortez CC ZoneGold$2,739 116,500 oz.$2,948 120,000 oz.
Peñasquito$9,356 $— 
Gold55,700 oz.— oz.
Silver5.7 Moz.— Moz.
Lead36.4 Mlbs.— Mlbs.
Zinc133.6 Mlbs.— Mlbs.
Other(3)
Various$35,643 N/A$17,023 N/A
Total royalty revenue$60,785 $39,639 
Total Revenue$193,837 $138,617 
_______________________________________________
(1)Reported production relates to the amount of stream metal sales and the metal sales attributable to our royalty interests for the three months ended September 30, 2024, and 2023, and may differ from the operators’ public reporting due to a number of factors, including the timing of the operator’s concentrate shipments, the delivery of metal to us and our subsequent sale of the delivered metal. Refer to Note 6 to the notes to consolidated financial statements.
(2)Refer to “Property Developments” above for a discussion of recent developments at principal properties.
(3)Individually, no stream or royalty included within the “Other” category contributed greater than 10% of our total revenue for either period.
The increase in our total revenue resulted primarily from higher average gold, silver and copper prices compared to the prior period. Higher gold sales from Mount Milligan, higher gold and silver sales from Pueblo Viejo, higher gold, silver, zinc and lead production from Peñasquito and new revenue of $12.6 million from non-principal royalties also contributed to the increase. These increases were partially offset by lower gold sales from Andacollo, lower production from the Cortez Legacy Zone and lower silver sales from Khoemacau when compared to the prior year period.
23


Gold and silver ounces and copper pounds purchased and sold during the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, and gold and silver ounces and copper pounds in inventory as of September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, for our streaming interests were as follows:
Three Months Ended Three Months Ended As ofAs of
September 30, 2024September 30, 2023September 30, 2024December 31, 2023
Gold StreamPurchases (oz.)Sales (oz.)Purchases (oz.)Sales (oz.)Inventory (oz.)Inventory (oz.)
Mount Milligan22,100 17,600 13,000 11,300 5,000 4,000 
Pueblo Viejo6,000 7,000 5,000 6,800 6,000 6,200 
Andacollo5,200 4,000 9,300 7,500 2,500 800 
Other12,400 12,100 11,700 11,900 3,500 4,200 
Total45,700 40,700 39,000 37,500 17,000 15,200 
Three Months Ended Three Months Ended As ofAs of
September 30, 2024September 30, 2023September 30, 2024December 31, 2023
Silver StreamPurchases (oz.)Sales (oz.)Purchases (oz.)Sales (oz.)Inventory (oz.)Inventory (oz.)
Pueblo Viejo(1)
89,600 332,700 171,100 150,700 89,600 223,000 
Khoemacau
288,200 275,200 315,000 386,100 101,000 135,300 
Other78,900 80,300 65,800 76,900 28,500 24,800 
Total456,700 688,200 551,900 613,700 219,100 383,100 
Three Months Ended Three Months Ended As ofAs of
September 30, 2024September 30, 2023September 30, 2024December 31, 2023
Copper StreamPurchases (Mlbs.)Sales (Mlbs.)Purchases (Mlbs.)Sales (Mlbs.)Inventory (Mlbs.)Inventory (Mlbs.)
Mount Milligan3.93.12.43.20.8 — 
_______________________________________________
(1) Pueblo Viejo silver purchases for the three months ended September 30, 2024 do not include 115,600 ounces of silver permitted to be deferred based on the terms of the Pueblo Viejo silver stream agreement. Total deferred silver ounces were 1.2 million ounces at September 30, 2024, and the timing for the delivery of this deferred amount is uncertain.    
Cost of sales, which excludes depreciation, depletion and amortization, increased to $27.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, from $21.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The increase, when compared to the prior year period, was primarily due to higher gold, silver and copper prices, higher gold sales from Mount Milligan and higher silver sales from Pueblo Viejo. The increase was partially offset by lower gold sales from Andacollo and lower silver sales from Khoemacau compared to the prior year period. Cost of sales is specific to our stream agreements and, except for Mount Milligan, is the result of our purchase of metal for a cash payment that is a set contractual percentage of the spot price for that metal near the date of metal delivery. For Mount Milligan, the cash payments under the existing stream agreement are the lesser of $435 per ounce or the prevailing market price of gold when purchased and 15% of the spot price for copper near the date of metal delivery. Separately, and in addition to the cash payments under the existing stream agreement, the Mount Milligan Cost Support Agreement detailed in Note 5 of our notes to consolidated financial statements provides for cash payments on gold and copper deliveries that are expected to begin after certain thresholds are met or earlier, if metal prices are below certain thresholds and if requested by Centerra Gold Inc. ("Centerra").
General and administrative costs increased to $10.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, from $9.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was primarily due to higher non-cash stock compensation expense compared to the prior year period.
Depreciation, depletion and amortization decreased to $36.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, from $40.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The decrease was primarily due to lower stream depletion rates as a result of proven and probable mineral reserve increases by our operators when compared to the prior year period, lower silver sales from Khoemacau, lower gold sales from Andacollo and lower gold production at Cortez compared to the prior year period. The decrease was partially offset by higher gold sales from Mount Milligan and higher gold and silver sales from Pueblo Viejo.
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Interest and other expense decreased to $1.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, from $7.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The decrease was primarily due to lower interest expense as a result of lower average amounts outstanding under our revolving credit facility compared to the prior year period. For the three months ended September 30, 2024, amounts outstanding under our revolving credit facility averaged $14 million at an average all-in borrowing rate of 6.5% compared to average amounts outstanding of $380 million at an average all-in borrowing rate of 6.7% for the prior year period.
For the three months ended September 30, 2024, we recorded income tax expense of $21.5 million, compared to $10.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The income tax expense resulted in an effective tax rate of 18.3% in the current period, compared with 17.8% for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The higher income tax expense for the three months ended September 30, 2024 was primarily attributable to higher income before income taxes compared to the prior year period.
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024, Compared to Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we recorded net income of $224.6 million, or $3.41 per basic and diluted share, as compared to net income of $176.7 million, or $2.69 per basic and $2.68 per diluted share, for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase in net income was primarily attributable to higher revenue, lower debt-related interest expense and lower depletion expense compared to the prior year period. This increase was partially offset by higher tax expense, as discussed below.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we recognized total revenue of $516.8 million, comprised of stream revenue of $358.5 million and royalty revenue of $158.3 million at an average gold price of $2,296 per ounce, an average silver price of $27.22 per ounce and an average copper price of $4.14 per pound. This is compared to total revenue of $453.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, comprised of stream revenue of $320.0 million and royalty revenue of $133.1 million, at an average gold price of $1,931 per ounce, an average silver price of $23.40 per ounce and an average copper price of $3.89 per pound. Revenue and the corresponding production attributable to our stream and royalty interests for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023, are as follows:
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Revenue and Reported Production Subject to Our Stream and Royalty Interests
(Amounts in thousands, except reported production oz. and lbs.)
Nine Months EndedNine Months Ended
September 30, 2024September 30, 2023
ReportedReported
Stream/RoyaltyMetal(s)Revenue
Production(1)
Revenue
Production(1)
Stream(2):
Mount Milligan$143,704 $121,739 
Gold46,200 oz.44,000 oz.
Copper9.0 Mlbs.9.4 Mlbs.
Pueblo Viejo$64,147 $62,586 
Gold18,900 oz.22,100 oz.
Silver773,900 oz.850,800 oz.
AndacolloGold$31,949 14,100 oz.$35,401 18,500 oz.
Khoemacau
Silver$24,148 902,700 oz.$27,082 1.2 Moz.
Other(3)
$94,583 $73,174 
Gold38,800 oz.35,400 oz.
Silver239,800 oz.208,800 oz.
Total stream revenue$358,531 $319,982 
Royalty(2):
Cortez Legacy ZoneGold$41,610 157,100 oz.$57,062 284,100 oz.
Cortez CC ZoneGold$7,713 361,200 oz.$9,674 338,100 oz.
Peñasquito$29,863 $13,538 
Gold163,800 oz.103,700 oz.
Silver23.5 Moz.12.0 Moz.
Lead144.2 Mlbs.72.1 Mlbs.
Zinc381.7 Mlbs.188.9 Mlbs.
Other(3)
Various$79,118 N/A$52,795 N/A
Total royalty revenue$158,304 $133,069 
Total Revenue$516,835 $453,051 
_______________________________________________
(1)Reported production relates to the amount of stream metal sales and the metal sales attributable to our royalty interests for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, and 2023, and may differ from the operators’ public reporting due to a number of factors, including the timing of the operator’s concentrate shipments, the delivery of metal to us and our subsequent sale of the delivered metal. Refer to Note 6 to the notes to consolidated financial statements.
(2)Refer to “Property Developments” above for a discussion of recent developments at principal properties.
(3)Individually, no stream or royalty included within the “Other” category contributed greater than 10% of our total revenue for either period.
The increase in our total revenue resulted primarily from higher average gold, silver and copper prices, higher production from Peñasquito, and higher gold sales from Xavantina and Wassa which are included in other stream revenue in the table above. The increase was partially offset by lower silver sales from Khoemacau, lower gold sales from Andacollo, and lower production from the Cortez Legacy Zone when compared to the prior year period.
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Gold and silver ounces and copper pounds purchased and sold during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, and 2023, and gold and silver ounces and copper pounds in inventory as of September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, for our streaming interests were as follows:
Nine Months Ended
Nine Months Ended
As ofAs of
September 30, 2024September 30, 2023September 30, 2024December 31, 2023
Gold StreamPurchases (oz.)Sales (oz.)Purchases (oz.)Sales (oz.)Inventory (oz.)Inventory (oz.)
Mount Milligan47,100 46,200 44,200 44,000 5,000 4,000 
Pueblo Viejo18,700 18,900 19,200 22,100 6,000 6,200 
Andacollo15,900 14,100 18,300 18,500 2,500 800 
Other38,100 38,800 35,900 35,400 3,500 4,200 
Total119,800 118,000 117,600 120,000 17,000 15,200 
Nine Months EndedNine Months EndedAs ofAs of
September 30, 2024September 30, 2023September 30, 2024December 31, 2023
Silver StreamPurchases (oz.)Sales (oz.)Purchases (oz.)Sales (oz.)Inventory (oz.)Inventory (oz.)
Khoemacau
868,400 902,700 1,141,200 1,163,100 101,000 135,300 
Pueblo Viejo (1)
640,500 773,900 684,100 850,800 89,600 223,000 
Other243,500 239,800 205,800 208,800 28,500 24,800 
Total1,752,400 1,916,400 2,031,100 2,222,700 219,100 383,100 
Nine Months EndedNine Months EndedAs ofAs of
September 30, 2024September 30, 2023September 30, 2024December 31, 2023
Copper StreamPurchases (Mlbs.)Sales (Mlbs.)Purchases (Mlbs.)Sales (Mlbs.)Inventory (Mlbs.)Inventory (Mlbs.)
Mount Milligan9.89.08.49.40.8
_______________________________________________
(1) Pueblo Viejo silver purchases for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 do not include 381,700 ounces of silver permitted to be deferred based on the terms of the Pueblo Viejo silver stream agreement. Total deferred silver ounces were 1.2 million ounces at September 30, 2024, and the timing for the delivery of this deferred amount is uncertain.
Cost of sales, which excludes depreciation, depletion and amortization, increased to $73.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, from $69.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was primarily due to higher gold sales from Xavantina and Wassa, partially offset by lower silver sales from Khoemacau and lower gold sales from Andacollo compared to the prior year period. Cost of sales is specific to our stream agreements and, except for Mount Milligan, is the result of our purchase of metal for a cash payment that is a set contractual percentage of the spot price for that metal near the date of metal delivery. For Mount Milligan, the cash payments under the existing stream agreement are the lesser of $435 per ounce or the prevailing market price of gold when purchased and 15% of the spot price for copper near the date of metal delivery. Separately, and in addition to the cash payments under the existing stream agreement, the Mount Milligan Cost Support Agreement detailed in Note 5 of our notes to consolidated financial statements provides for cash payments on gold and copper deliveries that are expected to begin after certain thresholds are met or earlier, if metal prices are below certain thresholds but only as requested by Centerra.
General and administrative costs increased to $32.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, from $30.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was primarily due to higher non-cash stock compensation expense compared to the prior year period.
Depreciation, depletion and amortization decreased to $110.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, from $124.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The decrease was primarily due to lower stream depletion rates, as a result of proven and probable mineral reserve increases by our operators when compared to the prior year period, lower gold sales from Andacollo, lower silver sales from Khoemacau and lower gold production from the Cortez Legacy Zone.
Interest and other expense decreased to $8.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, from $24.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The decrease was primarily due to lower interest expense as a result of lower
27


average amounts outstanding under our revolving credit facility compared to the prior year period. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, amounts outstanding under our revolving credit facility averaged $109 million at an average all-in borrowing rate of 6.5%, compared to average amounts outstanding of $421 million at an average all-in borrowing rate of 6.4% for the prior year period.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we recorded income tax expense of $67.5 million, compared with income tax expense of $28.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The income tax expense resulted in an effective tax rate of 23.1% in the current period, compared with 13.9% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The nine months ended September 30, 2024, included a $13.0 million discrete U.S. GILTI income tax expense related to consideration received from the Mount Milligan Cost Support Agreement. The nine months ended September 30, 2023 included a discrete tax benefit of $8.5 million attributable to the release of a valuation allowance on certain foreign deferred tax assets.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Overview
At September 30, 2024, we had current assets of $202.1 million compared to current liabilities of $86.3 million, which resulted in working capital of $115.8 million. This compares to current assets of $167.4 million and current liabilities of $72.4 million at December 31, 2023, resulting in working capital of $95 million. The increase in working capital was primarily due to an increase in our available cash, which primarily resulted from higher net cash proceeds from our stream and royalty interests and cash proceeds received for the Mount Milligan Cost Support Agreement, partially offset by the $51 million Back River royalties acquisition during the current year.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, liquidity needs were met from $388.5 million in net cash provided by operating activities and our available cash resources. Working capital, combined with available capacity under our revolving credit facility, resulted in approximately $1.1 billion of total liquidity at September 30, 2024. As of September 30, 2024, we had $1.0 billion available under our revolving credit facility. We were in compliance with each financial covenant under the revolving credit facility as of September 30, 2024. Refer to Note 4 of our notes to consolidated financial statements and below under Recent Liquidity Developments for further discussion on our debt.
We believe that our current financial resources and funds generated from operations will be adequate to cover anticipated expenditures for debt service and general and administrative expense costs for the foreseeable future. Our current financial resources are also available to fund dividends and for acquisitions of stream and royalty interests, including any conditional funding schedules. Our long-term capital requirements are primarily affected by our ongoing acquisition activities. We currently, and generally at any time, have acquisition opportunities in various stages of active review. In the event of one or more substantial stream or royalty interest or other acquisitions, we may seek additional debt or equity financing as necessary. We occasionally borrow and repay amounts under our revolving credit facility and may do so in the future.
Please refer to our risk factors included in Part 1, Item 1A of our 2023 10-K for a discussion of certain risks that may impact our liquidity and capital resources.
Recent Liquidity Developments
Revolving Credit Facility Repayment
During the three months ended September 30, 2024, we repaid the remaining $50 million of outstanding borrowings on our revolving credit facility, making the entire $1.0 billion revolving credit facility available as of September 30, 2024.
Operating Activities
Net cash provided by operating activities totaled $388.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $314.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase, when compared to the prior year period, was primarily due to net cash proceeds received from our stream and royalty interests of $34.6 million, cash proceeds of $24.5 million received for the Mount Milligan Cost Support Agreement, lower debt cash interest payments of $16.0 million, and $12.0 million of interest from the repayment of the Khoemacau debt facility. This increase was partially offset by higher cash taxes of $11.4 million when compared to the prior year period.
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Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities totaled $30.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to net cash used in investing activities of $2.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was primarily due to the $51.2 million in aggregate consideration paid for the acquisition of two royalties at Back River. The increase was partially offset by the $25 million principal repayment on the Khoemacau subordinated debt facility during the current period.
Financing Activities
Net cash used in financing activities totaled $334.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $327.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was primarily due to an increase in dividend payments made when compared to the prior year.
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards and Critical Accounting Policies
Refer to Note 1 of our notes to consolidated financial statements for further discussion on any recently adopted accounting standards. Refer to Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our 2023 10-K for discussion on our critical accounting policies.
Forward-Looking Statements
This report and our other public communications include “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of U.S. federal securities laws. Forward-looking statements are any statements other than statements of historical fact. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance, and actual results may differ materially from these statements.
Forward-looking statements are often identified by words like “will,” “may,” “could,” “should,” “would,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “forecast,” “potential,” “intend,” “continue,” “project,” or negatives of these words or similar expressions. Forward-looking statements include, among others, statements regarding the following: our expected financial performance and outlook, including sales volume, revenue, expenses, tax rates, earnings, and cash flows; operators’ expected operating and financial performance and other anticipated developments relating to their properties and operations, including production, deliveries, estimates of mineral resources and mineral reserves, environmental and feasibility studies, technical reports, mine plans, capital requirements, liquidity, and capital expenditures; opportunities for acquisitions and other transactions; anticipated benefits from acquisitions and other transactions; receipt and timing of future metal deliveries, including deferred amounts at Pueblo Viejo; the timing and amount of future benefits and obligations in connection with the Mount Milligan Cost Support Agreement; anticipated liquidity, capital resources, financing, and stockholder returns; and prices for gold, silver, copper, and other metals.
Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from these forward-looking statements include, among others, the following: changes in the price of gold, silver, copper, or other metals; operating activities or financial performance of properties on which we hold stream or royalty interests, including variations between actual and forecasted performance, operators’ ability to complete projects on schedule and as planned, operators’ changes to mine plans and mineral reserves and mineral resources (including updated mineral reserve and mineral resource information), liquidity needs, mining and environmental hazards, labor disputes, distribution and supply chain disruptions, permitting and licensing issues, other adverse government or court actions, or operational disruptions; changes of control of properties or operators; contractual issues involving our stream or royalty agreements; the timing of deliveries of metals from operators and our subsequent sales of metal; risks associated with doing business in foreign countries; increased competition for stream and royalty interests; environmental risks, including those caused by climate change; potential cyber-attacks, including ransomware; our ability to identify, finance, value, and complete acquisitions or other transactions; adverse economic and market conditions; impact of health epidemics and pandemics; changes in laws or regulations governing us, operators, or operating properties; changes in management and key employees; and other risk factors described in this report and in our other reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including our 2023 10-K. Most of these factors are beyond our ability to predict or control. Other unpredictable or unknown factors not discussed in this report or our other reports could also have material adverse effects on forward-looking statements.
Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made. We disclaim any obligation to update any forward-looking statements, except as required by law. Readers are cautioned not to put undue reliance on forward-looking statements.
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ITEM 3.     QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Our earnings and cash flows are significantly impacted by changes in the market price of gold and other metals. Gold, silver, copper, and other metal prices can fluctuate significantly and are affected by numerous factors, such as demand, production levels, economic policies of central banks, producer hedging, world political and economic events, inflation and the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies. Please see the risk factor entitled “Our revenue is subject to volatility in metal prices, which could negatively affect our results of operations or cash flow,” under Part I, Item 1A of our 2023 10-K, for more information about risks associated with metal price volatility.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we reported revenue of $516.8 million, with an average gold price for the period of $2,296 per ounce, an average silver price of $27.22 per ounce, and an average copper price of $4.14 per pound. The table below shows the impact that a 10% increase or decrease in the average price of the specified metal would have had on our total reported revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2024:
MetalPercentage of Total Reported Revenue Associated with Specified MetalAmount by Which Total Reported Revenue Would Have Increased or Decreased If Price of Specified Metal Had Averaged 10% Higher or Lower in Period
Gold75%$37.8 million
Silver13%$3.8 million
Copper9%$8.7 million
ITEM 4.     CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer (the principal executive officer) and Chief Financial Officer (the principal financial and accounting officer), we evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2024. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of September 30, 2024, at the reasonable assurance level.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting during the three months ended September 30, 2024, that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal controls over financial reporting.
Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls
Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal controls will prevent all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within Royal Gold have been detected.
PART II.     OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1.     LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
None.
ITEM 1A.     RISK FACTORS
The following risk factor supplements, and should be read in conjunction with, the risk factors included in the section entitled “Risk Factors” of our 2023 10-K.

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We have limited access to the properties in which we hold stream or royalty interests and to information concerning the properties, which makes it more difficult for us to project or assess the performance of our stream and royalty interests and confirm information provided by the operators concerning the properties including mineral resources and mineral reserves, and our ability to disclose mineral resources and mineral reserves for the properties is limited by the SEC.
Our stream and royalty agreements provide us with limited access and information rights concerning the properties in which we hold stream or royalty interests. Operators generally provide us with limited information on mine production relating to the properties that are subject to our interests. Our access to additional property information depends upon the terms of the contracts that underlay our stream and royalty interests, which terms vary significantly among properties. In circumstances where we do receive additional property information, we do not have access to drilling, metallurgical, permitting, development, production, operating, or other data in sufficient detail, nor do we have access to properties, sufficient to confirm disclosure from the operators, including verifying mineral resources and mineral reserves disclosed by the operators. As a result, we generally rely on the operators’ disclosures and/or limited information provided to us by the operators for the information we use in monitoring our interests and in preparing our public disclosure.
Because we have limited information concerning the properties in which we hold stream or royalty interests, it may be difficult for us to project or assess the performance of a stream or royalty interest. Also, we generally are unable to evaluate the accuracy, completeness, or fairness of the information provided to us, or disclosed, by operators and that we use in monitoring our interests and preparing our public disclosure. Any actions we take based on inaccurate or incomplete information from operators could negatively affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations. The correction of inaccurate or incomplete information from operators could also cause the price of our common stock to decline.
In addition, because of our limited access and information rights concerning the properties in which we hold stream or royalty interests, qualified persons on behalf of the Company are not able to arrive at sufficient findings and conclusions, or prepare adequate supporting documentation, for us to disclose mineral resources or mineral reserves for the properties in which we hold interests. Previously, we disclosed mineral resources and mineral reserves as reported by the operators of the properties because such disclosure represented information that we had in our possession and that we believed was responsive to the disclosure obligations set forth in Subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K (“SK 1300”). We subsequently received a comment letter from the staff of the SEC’s Division of Corporation Finance, and in the resulting correspondence and discussions with the staff, the staff informed us that we are not able to rely on disclosure of mineral resources and mineral reserves by the operators of the properties as a basis for our disclosure of mineral resources and mineral reserves under SK 1300, and the staff further interprets SK 1300 to preclude in SEC filings the supplemental disclosure of mineral resources and mineral reserves that do not satisfy the standards for disclosure established by SK 1300. As a result, we anticipate that we will amend our 2023 Form 10-K to remove some or all of the disclosure of mineral resources and mineral reserves for the properties in which we hold interests, and that we will similarly exclude such disclosure from future Form 10-K and other SEC filings. While we will continue to include fulsome disclosure of all mineral resources and mineral reserves attributable to our interests on our website and in other public disclosure outside of our SEC filings, the removal of some or all mineral resources and mineral reserves from our SEC filings may make it more difficult for investors to evaluate our business, particularly in the context of registered offerings of securities.
ITEM 2.     UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
None.
ITEM 3.     DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES
None.
ITEM 4.     MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
ITEM 5.     OTHER INFORMATION

During the three months ended September 30, 2024, no director or officer of the Company adopted or terminated a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement, as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K, other than as described below.

On August 12, 2024, William Heissenbuttel, the Company’s President and Chief Executive Officer and a director, adopted a trading plan intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Securities Exchange Act of
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1934, as amended, providing for the potential sale of up to 6,884 shares of the Company’s common stock through August 15, 2025.


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ITEM 6.     EXHIBITS
Exhibit
Number
 Description
10.1*
31.1*
31.2*
32.1‡
32.2‡
101*The following financial statements from Royal Gold, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2024, formatted in Inline XBRL: (a) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, (b) Consolidated Statements of Operations, (c) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (d) Consolidated Balance Sheets, and (e) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, tagged as blocks of text and including detailed tags.
104*Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).
_______________________________________________
*    Filed herewith.
‡    Furnished herewith.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
ROYAL GOLD, INC.
Date: November 7, 2024
By:
/s/ William Heissenbuttel
William Heissenbuttel
President and Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)
Date: November 7, 2024
By:/s/ Paul Libner
Paul Libner
Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)
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