Certain monetary amounts, percentages, and other figures included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q have been subject to rounding adjustments. Percentage amounts included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q have not in all cases been calculated on the basis of such rounded figures, but on the basis of such amounts prior to rounding. For this reason, percentage amounts in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q may vary from those obtained by performing the same calculations using the figures in the Company's Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Certain other amounts that appear in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q may not sum due to rounding.
With the commencement of the current fiscal year, the Company has made certain reclassifications to the income statement to provide more transparency into the Company’s streams of revenue and to increase comparability with peers. This reclassification has been applied retrospectively, and comparative figures for prior periods have been adjusted accordingly within the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. The reclassification does not affect the Company’s net income.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes. Significant estimates inherent in the preparation of the accompanying interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include healthcare costs incurred but not yet reported (“IBNR”) and risk adjustment transfers. Estimates are based on past experience and other considerations reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ materially from these estimates.
Accounting Pronouncements - Not Yet Adopted
In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2023-07 ("ASU 2023-07"), Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which requires, for each reportable segment, disclosure of significant segment expenses categories, other segment items, enhanced interim disclosures of certain segment-related disclosures that previously were only required annually, and other disclosure requirements. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted.The Company has evaluated the impact of the adoption of this guidance on the Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures. The Company believes the adoption of ASU 2023-07 will not have a material impact on the Company’s financial position but will result in additional segment footnote disclosures in the Company’s annual consolidated financial statements for the year ending December 31, 2024, as well as interim periods thereafter. More specifically, the Company will provide enhanced disclosures regarding the measure of profit or loss reviewed by the Chief Operating Decision Maker as well as enhanced expense disclosures.
In December 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which is intended to improve the transparency of income tax disclosures by requiring greater disaggregation of income tax disclosures related to the income tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid and other amendments to improve the effectiveness of income tax disclosures. This guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this guidance on the Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures.
Premium revenue includes direct policy premiums collected from members and the federal government, assumed policy premiums received as part of the reinsurance arrangement under the Cigna+Oscar Small Group plan offering, and risk adjustment transfers. Premium revenue is net of ceded premium from excess of loss ("XOL") and run-off quota share reinsurance contracts accounted for under reinsurance accounting (See Note 9 - Reinsurance for additional information on the Company’s reinsurance contracts).
Three Months Ended September 30,
Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)
2024
2023
2024
2023
Direct policy premiums
$
2,687,883
$
1,548,571
$
7,542,098
$
4,796,819
Assumed premiums
55,062
57,836
173,134
174,166
Risk adjustment transfers
(374,828)
(211,422)
(1,077,121)
(665,200)
Reinsurance premiums ceded
140
(2,903)
(12,056)
(10,111)
Premium
$
2,368,257
$
1,392,082
$
6,626,055
$
4,295,674
The direct policy premiums received from Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services ("CMS") for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 were$2,488.4 millionand $6,952.3 million, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, direct policy premiums received from CMS were$1,328.2 millionand $4,113.0 million respectively.
Services and Other
The Company earns revenue as part of services performed via the +Oscar platform. Services revenue is recognized in the period the contractual performance obligations are satisfied and measured in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for performing the services. The timing of the Company's revenue recognition may differ from the timing of payment by customers. A receivable is recorded to Premiums and accounts receivable when revenue is recognized prior to payment and there is an unconditional right to payment. Alternatively, deferred revenue is recorded to Accounts payable and other liabilities when payment is received before the performance obligations are satisfied. Other revenue includes primarily sublease income.
3. INVESTMENTS
Net investment income was attributable to the following:
Three Months Ended September 30,
Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)
2024
2023
2024
2023
Fixed maturity securities
$
22,996
$
15,987
$
54,414
$
46,219
Cash equivalents
25,986
24,874
84,659
69,691
Other (1)
1,555
1,682
4,783
4,605
Investment income
50,537
42,543
143,856
120,515
Investment expense
(211)
(175)
(547)
(607)
Total
$
50,326
$
42,368
$
143,309
$
119,908
(1) Represents the net interest earned on funds withheld.
As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company recorded accrued investment income of $20.7 million and $6.6 million, respectively.
The following tables provide summaries of the Company's investments by major security type as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:
September 30, 2024
(in thousands)
Amortized Cost
Unrealized Gains
Unrealized Losses
Fair Value
U.S. treasury and agency securities
$
1,891,092
$
24,133
$
(974)
$
1,914,251
Corporate notes
481,698
3,019
(157)
484,560
Certificates of deposit
38,865
—
—
38,865
Total
$
2,411,655
$
27,152
$
(1,131)
$
2,437,676
December 31, 2023
(in thousands)
Amortized Cost
Unrealized Gains
Unrealized Losses
Fair Value
U.S. treasury and agency securities
$
802,288
$
1,689
$
(1,062)
$
802,915
Corporate notes
234,908
854
(198)
235,564
Certificates of deposit
16,663
—
—
16,663
Total
$
1,053,859
$
2,543
$
(1,260)
$
1,055,142
The following tables present the estimated fair value and gross unrealized losses of fixed maturity securities in a gross unrealized loss position, by the length of time in which the securities have continuously been in that position, as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:
The Company monitors available-for-sale debt securities for credit losses and recognizes an allowance for credit losses when factors indicate a decline in the fair value of a security is credit-related. Certain investments may experience a decline in fair value due to changes in market interest rates, changes in general economic conditions, or a deterioration in the credit worthiness of a security's issuer. For securities in an unrealized loss position that the Company does not intend to sell, the Company has assessed the gross unrealized losses during the period and determined an allowance for credit losses is not necessary because the declines in fair value are believed to be due to market fluctuations and not due to credit-related events.
The amortized cost and fair value of the Company's fixed maturity securities as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 by contractual maturity are shown below. Actual maturities of these securities could differ from their contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations, with or without penalties.
September 30, 2024
December 31, 2023
(in thousands)
Amortized Cost
Fair Value
Amortized Cost
Fair Value
Due in one year or less
$
502,534
$
503,784
$
690,694
$
689,833
Due after one year through five years
1,909,121
1,933,892
363,165
365,309
Total
$
2,411,655
$
2,437,676
$
1,053,859
$
1,055,142
4. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
Fair value represents the price that would be received to sell an asset, or paid to transfer a liability, in an orderly transaction between market participants. The Company's financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are categorized into a three-level fair value hierarchy based on the priority of the inputs used in the fair value valuation technique.
The levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:
•Level 1: Inputs utilize quoted (unadjusted) prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
•Level 2: Inputs utilize quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; or model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs are observable in active markets.
•Level 3: Inputs utilized are unobservable but significant to the fair value measurement for the asset or liability. The unobservable inputs are used to measure fair value to the extent relevant observable inputs are not available. The unobservable inputs typically reflect management’s own estimates about the assumptions a market participant would use in pricing the asset or liability.
The following tables summarize fair value measurements by level for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
The Company maintains cash, cash equivalents and investments on deposit for its property leases or pledged to various state agencies in connection with its insurance licensure. The restricted cash and cash equivalents and restricted investments presented below are included in Restricted deposits in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Reserves for medical claims expenses are estimated using actuarial assumptions and recorded as Benefits payable liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The assumptions for the estimates and for establishing the resulting liability are reviewed and any adjustments to reserves are reflected in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations in the period in which the estimates are updated.
The following table provides a rollforward of the Company’s beginning and ending benefits payable and claims adjustment expenses ("CAE") payable balances for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:
As of September 30, 2024
As of September 30, 2023
(in thousands)
Benefits Payable
Unallocated Claims Adjustment Expense
Total
Benefits Payable
Unallocated Claims Adjustment Expense
Total
Benefits payable, beginning of the period
$
965,986
$
13,192
$
979,178
$
937,727
$
12,712
$
950,439
Less: Reinsurance recoverable
57,111
—
57,111
277,944
—
277,944
Benefits payable, beginning of the period, net
$
908,875
$
13,192
$
922,067
$
659,783
$
12,712
$
672,495
Claims incurred and CAE
Current year
$
5,388,787
$
82,642
$
5,471,429
$
3,418,106
$
68,814
$
3,486,920
Prior years
(121,312)
—
(121,312)
18,679
—
18,679
Total claims incurred and CAE, net
$
5,267,475
$
82,642
$
5,350,117
$
3,436,785
$
68,814
$
3,505,599
Claims paid and CAE
Current year
$
4,345,363
$
68,013
$
4,413,376
$
2,737,037
$
59,454
$
2,796,491
Prior years
533,393
9,061
542,454
522,678
9,664
532,342
Total claims and CAE paid, net
$
4,878,756
$
77,074
$
4,955,830
$
3,259,715
$
69,118
$
3,328,833
Benefits and CAE payable, end of period, net
$
1,297,594
$
18,760
$
1,316,354
$
836,853
$
12,408
$
849,261
Add: Reinsurance recoverable
59,132
—
59,132
73,596
—
73,596
Benefits and CAE payable, end of period
$
1,356,726
$
18,760
$
1,375,486
$
910,449
$
12,408
$
922,857
Amounts incurred related to prior periods vary from previously estimated liabilities as more claim information becomes available and claims are ultimately settled. The favorable development recognized in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 resulted primarily from lower than expected paid claims.
As previously disclosed in Note 15 - Long-Term Debt, in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, in February 2022, the Company issued $305.0 million in aggregate principal amount of convertible senior notes due 2031 (the “2031 Notes”) in a private placement to funds affiliated with or advised by Dragoneer Investment Group, LLC, Thrive Capital, LionTree Investment Management, LLC and Tenere Capital LLC. The 2031 Notes are the Company's senior, unsecured obligations which bear interest at a rate of 7.25% per annum, payable in cash, semi-annually in arrears on June 30 and December 31 of each year, commencing on June 30, 2022. The 2031 Notes will mature on December 31, 2031, subject to earlier repurchase, redemption, or conversion.
The 2031 Notes are convertible into the Company's Class A common stock at an initial conversion rate of 120.1721 per $1,000 principal amount (equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $8.32 per share of Class A common stock), subject to customary adjustments upon the occurrence of certain events. During the quarterly period ended September 30, 2024, a conditional conversion feature of the 2031 Notes was satisfied when the last reported sales price per share of the Company’s common stock was greater than 130% of the conversion price of $8.32 per share for each of at least twenty (20) trading days during the period of thirty (30) consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the quarter. As a result, the 2031 Notes are convertible during the fourth quarter of 2024 at the option of the holder. As of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the 2031 Notes have not been converted. Upon conversion, the 2031 Notes will be settled, at the Company's election, in shares of Class A common stock, cash, or a combination of cash and shares of Class A common stock, subject to certain exceptions.
As of September 30, 2024, the net carrying amount of the 2031 Notes was$299.4 million, with unamortized debt discount and issuance costs of $5.6 million. The estimated fair value of the 2031 Notes as of September 30, 2024 was $807.0 million. The Company classified the fair value of the 2031 Notes as a level 3 measurement due to the lack of observable market data over fair value inputs such as stock price volatility over the term of the 2031 Notes and the Company's cost of debt.
The following table presents the interest expense indicating an effective interest rate of 7.61% over the term of the 2031 Notes:
Three Months Ended September 30,
Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)
2024
2023
2024
2023
Coupon interest expense
$
5,344
$
5,528
$
16,400
$
16,584
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs
194
195
583
584
Total interest expense
$
5,538
$
5,723
$
16,983
$
17,168
Revolving Credit Facility
As previously disclosed in Note 15 - Long-Term Debt, in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, on December 28, 2023, the Company entered into a third amendment to its senior secured credit agreement (the “Third Amendment”), with certain lenders (the “Lenders”) and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent, which amended the senior secured credit agreement, dated as of February 21, 2021 (as amended by the Third Amendment, the “Amended Credit Agreement”). The Amended Credit Agreement provides for a revolving loan credit facility (the “Revolving Credit Facility”) in the aggregate principal amount of $115.0 million. The Revolving Credit Facility is guaranteed by Oscar Management Corporation, each wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, and all of the Company's future direct and indirect subsidiaries (in each case subject to certain permitted exceptions, including exceptions for certain guarantees (i) that would require material governmental consents or (ii) in respect of joint ventures). The Revolving Credit Facility is secured by substantially all of the Company’s and the guarantors’ assets (subject to certain exceptions). Proceeds are to be used solely for general corporate purposes of the Company.
The Company is permitted to increase commitments under the Revolving Credit Facility by an aggregate amount not to exceed $50.0 million, subject to certain conditions.
The Revolving Credit Facility is available until December 2025, provided the Company is in compliance with all covenants, including financial covenants to maintain minimum thresholds related to direct policy premiums, consolidated Adjusted Earnings before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization (“Adjusted EBITDA”), and liquidity, and a maximum medical loss ratio.
As of September 30, 2024, there were no outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility.
8. EARNINGS (LOSS) PER SHARE
Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) for the period by the weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding during the period. In periods when the Company is in a net loss position, potentially dilutive securities are excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share because their inclusion would have an anti-dilutive effect. Thus, basic earnings per share is the same as diluted earnings per share.
During periods of net income, diluted earnings per share is calculated by adjusting net income for any interest charges and changes in the fair value of the bifurcated conversion option applicable to the convertible senior notes. This adjusted net income is then divided by the sum of the basic weighted-average shares of common stock and any dilutive potential common stock outstanding during the period, using the treasury stock method. Potential common stock includes the effect of outstanding dilutive stock options, restricted stock units, performance-based restricted stock units, as well as shares the Company could be obligated to issue from its convertible senior notes, as described in Note 7 - Debt, using the if-converted method. The calculation for basic and diluted earnings per share is as follows:
Three Months Ended September 30,
Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands, except per share data)
2024
2023
2024
2023
Numerator:
Net income (loss) attributable to Oscar Health, Inc.
$
(54,596)
$
(65,398)
$
178,979
$
(120,698)
Effect of convertible senior notes
—
—
17,459
—
Net income (loss) available to Oscar Health, Inc. common shareholders
$
(54,596)
$
(65,398)
$
196,438
$
(120,698)
Denominator:
Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding
243,106
223,099
237,759
219,827
Common stock equivalents
—
—
27,048
—
Effect of convertible senior notes
—
—
36,652
—
Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding and potential dilutive common shares outstanding
The following potential common shares were excluded from the computation of diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to Oscar Health, Inc. because including them would have had an anti-dilutive effect:
Three Months Ended September 30,
Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)
2024
2023
2024
2023
Stock options to purchase common stock
18,698
27,016
1,291
27,016
Restricted stock units
16,040
25,206
369
25,206
Performance-based restricted stock units
7,453
9,350
—
9,350
Shares underlying convertible notes (Note 7)
36,653
36,652
—
36,652
Total
78,844
98,224
1,660
98,224
9. REINSURANCE
The Company participates in quota share reinsurance to limit risk and capital requirements and XOL reinsurance to mitigate the exposure of high cost or catastrophic member risk. The quota share reinsurance arrangements are with more than one counterparty with multiple state-level treaties. The XOL reinsurance arrangements are with a private counterparty and federal and state-run programs. A summary of the Company's reinsurance agreements and related accounting treatment is included in Note 4 - Reinsurance, in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.
The Company also operates under an assumed reinsurance contract, under which the Company shares proportionally in all premiums and claims underwritten for the Cigna+Oscar Small Group offering.
Reinsurance Contracts Accounted for under Deposit Accounting
As of September 30, 2024andDecember 31, 2023, a deposit liability balance of $13.2 millionand $7.0 million, respectively, was recorded for the Company's quota share arrangements accounted for under deposit accounting and represents fees due to the reinsurer, which are recognized within Selling, general, and administrative expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company ceded 51%and 53% of its premium under reinsurance contracts accounted for under deposit accounting. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company ceded 45% and 46%, respectively, of its premium under reinsurance contracts accounted for under deposit accounting.
Reinsurance Contracts Accounted for under Reinsurance Accounting
Reinsurance accounting applies to quota share reinsurance contracts that are in runoff as well as the XOL treaties. Under reinsurance accounting, the Company records premium paid to the reinsurer as a reduction to premium revenue with a corresponding reinsurance payable. In the case of federal and state-run reinsurance programs, no reinsurance premiums are paid. Expected reimbursement from the reinsurer for claims incurred are recorded as a reduction to claims incurred with a corresponding reinsurance recoverable asset. The tables below present information for the Company's reinsurance arrangements accounted for under reinsurance accounting. Please see Note 2 - Revenue Recognition for total reinsurance premiums ceded and reinsurance premiums assumed, which are included as components of total Premium revenue in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.
The following table reconciles total Medical expenses to the amount presented in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations:
The Company records Selling, general and administrative ("SG&A") expenses net of reinsurance ceding commissions and assumed SG&A expenses. The following table reconciles total Selling, general and administrative expenses to the amount presented in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations:
Three Months Ended September 30,
Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)
2024
2023
2024
2023
Selling, general and administrative expenses, gross
$
459,522
$
325,820
$
1,289,362
$
1,060,636
Reinsurance ceding commissions
855
30
383
976
Selling, general and administrative expenses
$
460,377
$
325,850
$
1,289,745
$
1,061,612
The composition of the Reinsurance recoverable balance on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets is as follows:
(in thousands)
September 30, 2024
December 31, 2023
Reinsurance premium and claim recoverables
$
272,478
$
224,837
Reinsurance ceding commissions
6,915
7,054
Experience refunds on reinsurance agreements
(6,076)
9,303
Reinsurance recoverable
$
273,317
$
241,194
Credit Ratings
The financial condition of the Company's reinsurers is regularly evaluated to minimize exposure to significant losses. A key credit quality indicator for reinsurance is the financial strength ratings issued by the credit rating agencies, which provide an independent opinion of a reinsurer’s ability to meet ongoing obligations to policyholders. The Company’s reinsurers have most recently been issued financial strength ratings ofA+ or higher.
The creditworthiness of each reinsurer is evaluated in order to assess counterparty credit risk and estimate an allowance for expected credit losses on the Company's reinsurance recoverable balances.
10. BUSINESS ARRANGEMENTS
Variable Interest Entities
In the normal course of business, the Company entered into business arrangements with integrated health systems, as well as medical professional corporations that employ health care providers to deliver telemedical healthcare services to its covered member population in various states. The financial results of these entities are consolidated into the Company's financial statements.
The following table presents the collective assets and liabilities of the Company's variable interest entities:
(in thousands)
September 30, 2024
December 31, 2023
Assets
$
135,610
$
125,709
Liabilities
$
77,320
$
74,568
11. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
In February 2022, the Company issued the 2031 Notes to funds affiliated with or advised by Dragoneer Investment Group, LLC, Thrive Capital Management, LLC, LionTree Investment Management, LLC and Tenere Capital LLC (collectively, the “Purchasers”). See Note 7 - Debt for additional information.
The Company’s current and past business practices are subject to review or other investigations by various state insurance and healthcare regulatory authorities and other state and federal regulatory authorities. These reviews focus on numerous facets of the Company’s business, including claims payment practices, statutory capital requirements, provider contracting, risk adjustment, competitive practices, commission payments, privacy issues, network adequacy, utilization management practices, pharmacy benefits, access to care, and sales practices, among others. Some of these reviews have historically resulted in fines imposed on the Company and some have required changes to certain of the Company’s practices. The Company continues to be subject to these reviews, which could result in additional fines or other sanctions being imposed on the Company or additional changes to certain of its practices.
The Company is also currently involved in, and may in the future from time to time become involved in, legal proceedings and other claims in the ordinary course of its business, including class actions and suits brought by the Company’s members, providers, commercial counterparties, employees, and other parties relating to the Company’s business, including management and administration of health benefit plans and other services. Such matters can include various employment claims, disputes regarding reinsurance arrangements, disputes relating to intellectual property and the Telephone Consumer Protection Act and class action lawsuits, or other claims relating to the performance of contractual and non-contractual obligations to providers, members, employer groups, and others, including, but not limited to, the alleged failure to properly pay in-network and out-of-network claims and challenges to the manner in which the Company processes claims, and claims alleging that the Company has engaged in unfair business practices.
In addition, on May 12, 2022, a securities class action lawsuit against the Company, certain of its directors and officers, and the underwriters that participated in the Company’s initial public offering ("IPO") was commenced in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, captioned Carpenter v. Oscar Health, Inc., et al., Case No. 1:22-CV-03885 (S.D.N.Y.) (the “Securities Action”). The initial complaint in the Securities Action asserted violations of Sections 11 and 15 of the Securities Act based on the Company’s purported failure to disclose in its IPO registration statement growing COVID-19 testing and treatment costs, the impact of significant Special Enrollment Period membership, and risk adjustment data validation results for 2019 and 2020. By Court orders dated September 27, 2022 and December 13, 2022, the Court appointed a lead plaintiff and lead counsel on behalf of the putative class. An amended complaint filed on December 6, 2022 asserts the same violations of Sections 11 and 15 of the Securities Act, but this time based on the Company’s alleged failure to disclose in its IPO registration statement purportedly inadequate controls and systems in connection with the risk adjustment data validation audit for 2019, alleging that this purported omission caused losses and damages for members of the putative class. The amended complaint seeks unspecified compensatory damages as well as interest, fees, and costs. On April 4, 2023, the Company moved to dismiss the amended complaint. Briefing on the motion was completed on July 7, 2023. The Company believes it has meritorious defenses to these claims. At this time, the Company cannot predict the outcome, or provide a reasonable estimate or range of estimates of the possible outcome or loss, if any, in this matter.
The Company records liabilities for its reasonable estimates of probable losses resulting from these matters where appropriate. Estimates of losses resulting from legal and regulatory matters involving the Company are inherently difficult to predict, particularly where the matters: involve indeterminate claims for monetary damages or may involve fines, penalties or punitive damages; present novel legal theories or represent a shift in regulatory policy; involve a large number of claimants or regulatory bodies; are in the early stages of the proceedings; or could result in a change in business practices. Accordingly, the Company is often unable to estimate the losses or ranges of losses for those matters where there is a reasonable possibility or it is probable that a loss may be incurred, the ultimate settlement of which could be material.
Given that such proceedings are subject to uncertainty, there can be no assurance that such legal proceedings, either individually or in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on Oscar's business, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.
On March 28, 2023, the Company’s Co-Founders, Mario Schlosser (the Company’s President of Technology and Chief Technology Officer and former Chief Executive Officer) and Joshua Kushner (the Company’s Vice Chairman), recommended to the Company’s Board of Directors that they should cancel and terminate the applicable awards that were granted to them in connection with the Company’s Initial Public Offering (the “Founders Awards”). This recommendation was made in support of reducing the dilutive effects of equity awards granted on April 3, 2023, to Mark T. Bertolini in connection with his appointment as the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, effective April 3, 2023, and the Company’s annual employee equity awards granted in 2023. On March 28, 2023, Mr. Schlosser and Mr. Kushner each entered into an agreement to cancel and terminate his Founders Award, which consisted of performance-based restricted stock units covering 4,229,853 shares (for Mr. Schlosser) and 2,114,926 shares (for Mr. Kushner) of the Company’s Class A common stock. As a result of this cancellation, in March 2023 the Company recognized approximately $46.3 million of accelerated stock-based compensation expense that would have otherwise been recognized over the remaining vesting period of the awards. Stock-based compensation expense is included in the Selling, general and administrative line item on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion and analysis of the Company's financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the audited Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto and Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ("MD&A") included the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 that was filed with the SEC on February 15, 2024. Unless the context otherwise requires, references in this "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" to "we," "us," "our," "Oscar," "Oscar Health, Inc," and the "Company" mean the business and operations of Oscar Health, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.
Index to this MD&A
Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations is comprised of the following sections:
Oscar Health, Inc. is a leading healthcare technology company, whose mission is to make a healthier life accessible and affordable for all. Our full stack technology platform refers to our differentiated cloud-native end-to-end technology solution, which connects our member-facing features, including our mobile application, website, and virtual care solutions with our back-office tools that span all critical healthcare insurance and technology domains, including member and provider data, utilization management, claims management, billing, and benefits. Our member-first philosophy and innovative approach to care has earned the trust of approximately1.65million members, as of September 30, 2024. We currently offer individual and family as well as small group plans and we offer services through +Oscar that utilize our full stack technology platform to power others within the healthcare space.
We regularly review our Total Revenue, Medical Loss Ratio (“MLR”), Selling, General and Administrative Expense Ratio (“SG&A Expense Ratio”), and Adjusted Earnings before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization (“Adjusted EBITDA”, a non-GAAP financial metric) to evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends in our business, prepare financial projections, and make strategic decisions. We believe these operational and financial measures are useful in evaluating our performance, in addition to our financial results prepared in accordance with GAAP.
Total Revenue
Total revenue includes Premium revenue, Investment income, and Services and other revenue. We believe Total revenue is an important metric to assess the growth of our business, as well as the earnings potential of our investment portfolio.
Premium revenue includes direct policy premiums collected from our members and from the federal government, risk adjustment transfers, and assumed policy premiums we receive as part of our reinsurance arrangement under our Cigna+Oscar Small Group plan offering, and is net of ceded premium from excess of loss ("XOL") and run-off quota share reinsurance contracts accounted for under reinsurance accounting. Investment income primarily includes investment income, interest earned, and gains (losses) on our investment portfolio. Services and other revenue includes primarily revenue earned from administrative services performed as part of the +Oscar platform, as well as sublease income.
MLR is a metric used to calculate medical expenses as a percentage of net premiums before ceded quota share reinsurance. Medical expenses are the total expenses incurred by members in order to utilize health care services less any member cost sharing. These services include inpatient, outpatient, pharmacy, and physician costs. Medical claims also include fee-for-service claims, pharmacy benefits, capitation payments to providers, provider disputed claims, risk sharing arrangements with certain of our providers, and various other medical-related costs. The impact of the federal risk adjustment program is included in the denominator of our MLR. We believe MLR is an important metric to demonstrate the ratio of our costs to pay for healthcare of our members to the net premium before ceded reinsurance. MLR in our existing products are subject to various federal and state minimum requirements.
SG&A Expense Ratio
The SG&A Expense Ratio reflects the Company’s Selling, general and administrative expenses, as a percentage of Total revenue. Selling, general and administrative expenses primarily include distribution expenses, wages, benefits, costs of software and hardware, the impact of quota share reinsurance, stock-based compensation, and other administrative costs. We believe the SG&A Expense Ratio is useful to evaluate our ability to manage our overall selling, general, and administrative cost base.
Adjusted EBITDA
Adjusted EBITDA is defined as Net income (loss) for the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries before interest expense, income tax expense (benefit), and depreciation and amortization, as further adjusted for stock-based compensation and other items that are considered unusual or not representative of underlying trends of our business, where applicable for the period presented. We present Adjusted EBITDA because we consider it to be an important supplemental measure of our performance and believe it is frequently used by securities analysts, investors, and other interested parties in the evaluation of companies in our industry. Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP measure. Management believes that investors’ understanding of our performance is enhanced by including this non-GAAP financial measure as a reasonable basis for comparing our ongoing results of operations.
We caution investors that amounts presented in accordance with our definition of Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to similar measures disclosed by our competitors, because not all companies and analysts calculate Adjusted EBITDA in the same manner.
By providing this non-GAAP financial measure, together with a reconciliation to the most comparable U.S. GAAP measure, Net income (loss), we believe we are enhancing investors’ understanding of our business and our results of operations, as well as assisting investors in evaluating how well we are executing our strategic initiatives. Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool, and should not be considered in isolation, or as an alternative to, or a substitute for Net income (loss) or other financial statement data presented in our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements as indicators of financial performance. A reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA from Net income (loss) is provided under “Results of Operations-Adjusted EBITDA”.
Recent Developments, Trends and Other Factors Impacting Performance
Members
Our membership is measured as of a particular point in time and is concentrated in the individual market. Membership may vary throughout the year due to disenrollments, any Special Enrollment Periods (“SEP”), and other market dynamics that are in effect such as Medicaid redeterminations, other legislative or regulatory actions, or other factors that enable the overall market to grow or decline throughout the year.
The risk adjustment programs in the markets we serve are administered federally by Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (“CMS”) and are designed to mitigate the potential impact of adverse selection and provide stability for health insurers. Under this program, each plan is assigned a risk score based upon demographic information and current year claims information related to its members. The risk score is used to adjust plan revenue to reflect the relative risk of the plan's enrolled population. We reevaluate our risk adjustment transfer estimates as new information and market data becomes available until we receive the final reporting from CMS in later periods, up to twelve months in arrears.
Our risk adjustment transfer estimates are subject to a high degree of estimation and variability and are affected by the relative risk of our members, and in the case of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ("ACA") risk adjustment program, relative to that of other insurers. There is a higher degree of uncertainty associated with estimates of risk adjustment transfers at the beginning of the policy year resulting from composition of the risk score being based on concurrent claim data. There is additional uncertainty for both markets and blocks of business that experience outsized growth, compounded by the lack of credible experience data on the newly enrolling population. Furthermore, there is also uncertainty associated with changes in other carriers operations, which may impact the ultimate degree of market level risk. Actual risk adjustment calculations and transfers could materially differ from our assumptions.
Claims Incurred
Our medical expenses are impacted by seasonal effects of medical costs such as the utilization of deductibles and out-of-pocket maximums over the course of the policy year, which shifts more costs to us in the second half of the year as we pay a higher proportion of covered claims costs, and the number of days and holidays in a given period. Our medical and pharmacy costs can also exhibit seasonality depending on selection effects or changes in the risk profile of our membership and the proportion of our membership that is new in the calendar year. The emergence of medical and pharmacy claims is influenced by the aforementioned drivers, and further mix shifts may continue to alter claims incurred patterns in future periods.
Seasonality
Our business is generally affected by the seasonal patterns of our member enrollment, medical expenses, and health plan mix shift and product design. SEP or other market dynamics that drive enrollment and/or mix changes throughout the year may impact the per member levels of premiums, claims, and/or risk adjustment transfers. Additionally, medical expenses have historically been highest towards the second half of the year due to a number of factors discussed above.
Reinsurance
We believe our reinsurance agreements help us achieve important goals for our business, including risk management, capital efficiency, and greater predictability in our earnings in the event of unexpected significant fluctuations in our MLR. Specifically, reinsurance is a financial arrangement under which the reinsurer agrees to cover a portion of our medical claims in return for a portion of the premium. Our reinsurance agreements are contracted under two different types of arrangements: quota share reinsurance contracts and XOL reinsurance contracts. Reinsurance agreements do not relieve us of our primary medical claims incurred obligations. Refer to Note 9 - Reinsurance included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for a description of the accounting methods used to record our quota share reinsurance arrangements.
In December 2022, Congress passed the omnibus spending bill which delinked the Medicaid continuous coverage from the end of the public health emergency for COVID-19. Medicaid redeterminations were required to begin by April 1, 2023, and while most states initially anticipated completing unwinding-related renewals by mid-2024, many states have extended their unwinding timelines for several additional months, due to adoption of strategies to promote continuity of coverage for eligible individuals, pauses in procedural disenrollments, or other state-specific situations. CMS also previously announced an SEP that began March 31, 2023 and was expected to end July 31, 2024, but has been extended to November 30, 2024. While CMS guidance indicates that Medicaid redeterminations have been completed in certain states, CMS has recently announced that all unwinding-related renewals for beneficiaries enrolled in Medicaid or Children’s Health Insurance Program (“CHIP”) must be completed no later than December 31, 2025. We continue to expect that consumers’ transitions from Medicaid and CHIP coverage to ACA marketplace plans may contribute to additional growth in the ACA marketplace.
On July 19, 2024, in response to increases in unauthorized changes in consumers’ enrollments by agents and brokers, CMS introduced changes to the ACA broker Agent of Record process, tightening compliance by requiring brokers to follow stricter documentation protocols and obtain explicit consumer consent. We continue to monitor regulatory developments to address bad actors, including possible changes to eligibility or income verification requirements or increased enforcement of existing requirements by CMS.
Non-Renewal of Cigna+Oscar Partnership and Exit from Small Group Market
On March 26, 2024, the Company notified Cigna Health and Life Insurance Company that it is not renewing the Cigna+Oscar Small Group arrangement after the expiration of the initial term on December 31, 2024. The parties will continue to offer their Cigna+Oscar Small Group product through December 15, 2024. Additionally, effective December 15, 2024, Oscar will no longer be offering small group products in any market. Refer to Note 1 - Organization - Non-Renewal of Cigna+Oscar Partnership and Exit from the Small Group Market included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for additional information.
Change Healthcare Incident
Change Healthcare (“CHC”), which provided claims clearinghouse and other services to the Company, experienced a cybersecurity incident on February 21, 2024. At this time, CHC has not notified the Company of any breach of our members’ data.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. A summary of the Company's significant accounting policies is included in Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. Certain of our accounting policies are considered critical, as these policies require significant, difficult or complex judgments by management, often requiring the use of estimates about the effects of matters that are inherently uncertain. As of September 30, 2024, there were no significant changes to the critical accounting estimates from what was reported in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.
We view the number of members enrolled in our health plans as an important metric to help evaluate and estimate revenue and market share. Additionally, the more members we enroll, the more data we have, which allows us to improve the functionality of our platform. The following table summarizes the Company’s membership by offering:
As of September 30,
Membership by Offering
2024
2023
Individual and Small Group
1,602,993
912,761
Medicare Advantage
—
1,840
Cigna+Oscar (1)
51,291
68,559
Total Members (2)
1,654,284
983,160
(1) Represents total membership for our co-branded partnership with Cigna. (2) A member covered under more than one of our health plans counts as a single member for the purposes of this metric.
Membership increased by 671,124, or 68%, as of September 30, 2024, compared to September 30, 2023. The increase in membership is a result of strong retention and new enrollments in existing and expansion markets further supported by ACA market growth in 2024. The increase was partially offset by a decrease in Cigna+Oscar members served and our exit from the Medicare Advantage market.
Premium
Premium revenue increased $976.2 million, or 70%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in 2023, andincreased $2,330.4 million, or 54%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in 2023. These increases were primarily driven by higher membership and rate increases, partially offset by higher risk adjustment transfers as a percentage of premiums.
Investment Income
Investment income increased $8.0 million, or 19%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in 2023, and increased $23.4 million, or 20%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in 2023. These increases were due to a larger asset base, higher investment yields, and higher interest rates.
Medical expenses increased $840.8 million, or 72%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in 2023, and increased $1,830.7 million, or 53%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in 2023. These increases were primarily due to increased membership. MLR increased for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in 2023, due to modestly higher medical costs, primarily driven by higher SEP membership resulting in higher risk adjustment transfers as well as higher COVID-related costs, partially offset by favorable prior period development. MLR improved for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in 2023, primarily due to favorable prior period development, partially offset by higher SEP membership resulting in higher risk adjustment transfers.
Three Months Ended September 30,
Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands, except percentages)
2024
2023
2024
2023
Medical
$
2,003,979
$
1,163,194
$
5,267,475
$
3,436,785
Less: Ceded quota share reinsurance claims(1)
2,036
(4,870)
(2,879)
(1,221)
Net claims before ceded quota share reinsurance (A)
$
2,001,942
$
1,168,064
$
5,270,353
$
3,438,006
Premium
$
2,368,257
$
1,392,082
$
6,626,055
$
4,295,674
Less: Ceded quota share reinsurance premiums (2)
2,971
(1,448)
(1,865)
(2,131)
Net premiums before ceded quota share reinsurance (B)
$
2,365,286
$
1,393,530
$
6,627,920
$
4,297,805
Medical Loss Ratio (A divided by B)
84.6
%
83.8
%
79.5
%
80.0
%
(1)Represents prior period development for claims ceded to reinsurers pursuant to quota share treaties accounted for under reinsurance accounting, which are in runoff.
(2)Represents prior period development for premiums ceded to reinsurers pursuant to quota share treaties accounted for under reinsurance accounting, which are in runoff.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses and SG&A Expense Ratio
Selling, general and administrative expenses increased $134.5 million, or 41%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in 2023, and increased $228.1 million, or 21%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in 2023. These increases were driven by higher distribution and selling expenses associated with higher membership year over year, partially offset by the impact of the acceleration of stock compensation expense associated with the cancellation of the Founders Awards in the first quarter of 2023. The SG&A Expense Ratio improved 360 basis points year over year, and 500 basis points year over year for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, primarily due to improved fixed cost leverage and variable cost efficiencies.
Depreciation and Amortization Expenses
Depreciation and amortization expenses decreased $1.7 million, or (18)%, for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in 2023. The decrease was due to less internally developed software placed into service.
Income Tax Expense (Benefit)
Our effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 was approximately (3.97)% and (1.41)%, respectively, and 4.12% and (3.51)% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
The table below sets forth the reconciliation of Net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA:
Three Months Ended September 30,
Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)
2024
2023
2024
2023
Net income (loss)
$
(54,388)
$
(65,703)
$
179,406
$
(120,756)
Interest expense
5,815
6,130
17,708
18,386
Other expenses (income)
(1,877)
414
173
8,132
Income tax expense
2,076
915
7,709
4,100
Depreciation and amortization
7,500
9,191
22,912
22,952
Stock-based compensation(1)
29,311
28,768
83,969
133,541
Adjusted EBITDA
$
(11,563)
$
(20,285)
$
311,877
$
66,355
(1)Represents non-cash expenses related to equity-based compensation programs, which vary from period to period depending on various factors including the timing, number, and the valuation of awards. The nine months ended September 30, 2023 includes a non-recurring charge of $46.3 million related to accelerated stock-based compensation expense recognized as a result of the cancellation of the Founders Awards. Refer to Note 13 - Cancellation of Founders Awards included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for additional information.
We maintain liquidity at two levels of our corporate structure, through our health insurance subsidiaries (any subsidiary of Oscar Health, Inc. that has applied for or received a license, certification or authorization to sell health plans by any state Department of Insurance, Department of Financial Services, Department of Health, or comparable regulatory authority) and through our holding company (our parent company, Oscar Health, Inc., on a standalone basis (“Parent”) and subsidiaries excluding our health insurance subsidiaries).
The majority of the assets held by the holding company are in the form of cash and cash equivalents and investments. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, total cash and cash equivalents and investments held by the holding company was $260.1 million and $234.1 million, respectively, of which $12.7 million and $12.6 million was restricted for September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
The majority of the assets held by our health insurance subsidiaries are in the form of cash and cash equivalents and investments. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, total cash and cash equivalents and investments held by our health insurance subsidiaries was $3,413.8 millionand $2,721.2 million, respectively, of which $17.3 million for both 2024 and 2023 was on deposit with regulators as required for statutory licensing purposes. These amounts are classified as restricted deposits on the balance sheet.
Our health insurance subsidiaries’ states of domicile have statutory minimum capital requirements that are intended to measure capital adequacy, taking into account the risk characteristics of an insurer’s investments and products. The combined statutory capital and surplus of our health insurance subsidiaries was $1,068.0 million and $800.6 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, which was in compliance with and in excess of the minimum capital requirements for each period. The health insurance subsidiaries historically have required capital contributions from Parent to maintain minimum levels. The health insurance subsidiaries may be subject to additional capital and surplus requirements in the future, as a result of factors such as increasing membership and medical costs, which may require us to incur additional indebtedness, sell capital stock, or access other sources of funding in order to fund such requirements. During periods of increased volatility, adverse securities and credit markets, including those due to rising interest rates, may exert downward pressure on the availability of liquidity and credit capacity for certain issuers, and any such funding may not be available on favorable terms, or at all.
As our health insurance subsidiaries have collectively become profitable and to the extent their levels of statutory capital and surplus continue to exceed minimum regulatory requirements, we may make periodic requests for dividends and distributions from our subsidiaries to fund our operations or seek to enter into transactions or structures that enable us to efficiently deploy this excess capital, which may or may not require approval by our regulators. The health insurance subsidiaries paid dividends, distributions, and loan repayments of $52.0 million to Parent in 2023. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, our health insurance subsidiaries have issued dividends and made loan repayments of $133 million to Parent.
Our health insurance subsidiaries also utilize quota share reinsurance arrangements to reduce our minimum capital and surplus requirements, which are designed to enable us to efficiently deploy capital to fund our growth. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, Parent made $99.8 millionand $16.5 million of capital contributions, respectively, to the health insurance subsidiaries. We estimate that had we not had any quota share reinsurance arrangements in place, the health insurance subsidiaries would have been required to hold approximately $520.0 million and $447.1 million of additional capital as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, which Parent would have been required to fund. The actual amount of any required capital contributions to our insurance subsidiaries may differ at any given time depending on each health insurance subsidiary’s capital adequacy.
The Company’s cash requirements within the next twelve months include benefits payable, risk adjustment transfer payable, current lease liabilities, interest payable on debt, other current liabilities and purchase commitments and other obligations. We expect the cash required to meet these obligations to be primarily funded by cash available for general corporate use, cash flows from current operations, and/or the realization of current assets, such as accounts receivable. Based on our current forecast, we believe the Company's cash, and cash equivalents and investments, not including restricted cash, will be sufficient to fund our operating requirements for at least the next twelve months.
Our cash flows used in operations may differ substantially from our net loss due to non-cash charges or due to changes in balance sheet accounts. The timing of our cash flows from operating activities can also vary among periods due to the timing of payments made or received. Some of our payments and receipts, including risk adjustment transfers and reinsurance receipts, can be significant. For example, during the third quarter of 2024, we made a payment through our health insurance subsidiaries of approximately $1,056.8 million into the risk adjustment program for the 2023 policy year. As such, timing of payments and receipts can influence cash flows from operating activities in any given period which would have a negative impact on our operating cash flows.
Long-Term Cash Requirements
Our long-term cash requirements under our various contractual obligations and commitments include operating leases. We expect the cash required to meet our long-term obligations to be primarily generated through future cash flows from operations.
Convertible Senior Notes
During the quarterly period ended September 30, 2024, the conditional conversion feature of the 2031 Notes, which permits conversion upon satisfaction of the common stock sale price condition, was satisfied. As a result, the 2031 Notes are convertible during the fourth quarter of 2024 at the option of the holder. As of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the 2031 Notes have not been converted. Upon conversion, the 2031 Notes will be settled, at the Company’s election, in shares of Class A common stock, cash, or a combination of cash and shares of Class A common stock, subject to certain exceptions.
Oscar may not redeem the 2031 Notes at the Company’s option prior to December 31, 2026.
For more information on our 2031 Notes, including the requirements for redemption, see in Note 15 - Long-Term Debt, in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, and, Note 7 – Debt to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Revolving Credit Facility
We have $115.0 million available to draw under our Revolving Credit Facility until December 2025, provided we are in compliance with all covenants. As of September 30, 2024, there were no outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility. For more information on our Revolving Credit Facility, see Part II, Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Revolving Credit Facility in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, and Note 7 – Debt to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
We generally invest the cash of our health insurance subsidiaries in U.S. treasury and agency securities. We primarily invest the cash of the Company in investment-grade, marketable debt securities to improve our overall investment return. These investments are purchased pursuant to board-approved investment policies that reflect our obligations under our credit agreement and conform to applicable state laws and regulations.
Our investment policies are designed to provide liquidity, preserve capital, and maximize total return on invested assets, all in a manner consistent with state requirements that prescribe the types of instruments in which our health insurance subsidiaries may invest. These investment policies require that our investments of U.S. corporate bonds have final maturities of a maximum of two years from the settlement date and a maximum of five years from the settlement date for U.S. Government obligations. Professional portfolio managers operating under documented guidelines manage our investments and a portion of our cash equivalents. Our portfolio managers must obtain our prior approval before selling investments in a loss position. Net investment income for our health insurance subsidiaries was $47.8 millionand $39.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, respectively, and $135.3 million and $114.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, and September 30, 2023, respectively.
Our restricted investments are invested principally in cash and cash equivalents and U.S. treasury securities; we have the ability to hold such restricted investments until maturity. The Company maintains cash and cash equivalents and investments on deposit or pledged to various state agencies as a condition for licensure. We classify our restricted deposits as long-term given the requirement to maintain such assets on deposit with regulators.
Summary of Cash Flows
Our primary operating cash flow sources are premiums and investment income. Our primary operating cash flow uses are payments for claims, risk adjustment transfers, and operating expenses, including interest expense. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, net cash provided by operating activities was $631.4 million as compared with $569.0 million used in operating activities for the same period in 2023. The increase was primarily due to higher premiums received, which were partially offset by higher claim disbursements.
Cash flows from investing activities primarily include the purchase and disposition of financial instruments. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, net cash used in investing activities was $1,356.0 million as compared to net cash provided by investing activities of $404.7 million for the same period in 2023. The change was primarily due to an increase in purchases of securities and a lower level of maturing investment.
Cash flows from financing activities may include proceeds from the issuance of debt securities and proceeds from stock option exercises. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, net cash provided by financing activities was $64.6 million as compared to $5.4 million for the same period in 2023. The increase was primarily due to proceeds received from the exercise of stock options.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates. Our market risk exposure is primarily attributable to potential changes in interest rates and/or inflation and the resulting impact on investment income and interest expense. We do not hold financial instruments for trading purposes.
Interest Rate Risk
We are subject to interest rate risk in connection with the fair value of our investment portfolio, which consists of U.S. treasury and agency securities, corporate notes, and certificates of deposit. Our primary market risk exposure is driven by changes to prime rate-based interest rates. Interest rate risk is highly sensitive due to many factors, including U.S. monetary and tax policies, U.S. and international economic factors, and other factors beyond our control. Assuming a hypothetical and immediate 1% increase in interest rates at September 30, 2024, the fair value of our investments would decrease by approximately $44.1 million. Any declines in interest rates over time would reduce our investment income.
Disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act) are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives.
Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated, as of the end of the period covered by this report, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act). Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of September 30, 2024, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended September 30, 2024 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting.
PART II — OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
The information required under this Part II, Item 1 is set forth in Note 12 - Commitments and Contingencies to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Given that such proceedings are subject to uncertainty, there can be no assurance that such legal proceedings, either individually or in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
There have been no material changes to the risk factors disclosed in Part I, Item 1A, of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
(c) On September 27, 2024, Alessandrea Quane, the Company’s Chief Insurance Officer, entered into a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement that is intended to satisfy the affirmative defense of Rule 10b5-1(c) for the sale of up to 211,774 shares of the Company’s Class A common stock by August 29, 2025.
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Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.