10-Q

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我们的业务受到许多风险和不确定性的影响，您在做投资决定之前应该注意到这些风险，包括在“风险因素”部分中突出的那些。这些风险包括但不限于以下:

以上概要风险因素应与“风险因素”下的所有风险因素以及本季度报告表格10-Q中的其他信息一起阅读，包括我们的简明综合财务报表及相关附注，以及在我们向证券交易委员会（"SEC"）提交的其他文件中。上述风险概述或下文描述的风险并非我们面临的唯一风险。对我们尚不十分了解或目前认为不重要的其他风险和不确定因素也可能对我们的业务、财务状况、经营业绩和未来增长前景产生重大不利影响。

本季度10-Q表上的《风险因素》和《管理层讨论和分析》的财务状况和业绩部分包含了明示或暗示的前瞻性声明。这些声明涉及未来事件或未来运营或财务业绩，并涉及已知和未知的风险、不确定性和其他因素，可能导致我们的实际结果、业绩或成就与这些前瞻性声明所暗示的任何未来结果、业绩或成就大不相同。本季度10-Q表中的前瞻性声明包括但不限于以下内容：

在某些情况下，您可以通过术语识别前瞻性说明，例如“可能”，“应”，“期望”，“打算”，“计划”，“预期”，“相信”，“估计”，“预测”，“潜力”，“继续”，“将”，“会”，“如果”，或者这些术语的否定形式或其他类似术语，尽管并非所有前瞻性说明都包含此类标识术语。这些说明仅为预测。您不应过分依赖前瞻性说明，因为它们涉及已知和未知的风险、不确定性和其他因素，这些因素在某些情况下超出我们的控制，且可能会对我们的结果和财务状况产生重大影响。导致实际结果与当前预期不符的因素包括，但不限于，在本季度报告10-Q表格中列出的“风险因素”部分以及向美国证券交易委员会提交的任何随后备案。如果其中一个风险或不确定性发生，或者基本假设被证明不正确，实际事件或结果可能大幅偏离前瞻性说明所隐含或预期的。没有任何前瞻性说明可以保证未来业绩。您应该完整阅读本季度报告10-Q，以及我们在本季度报告10-Q中引用并作为本季度报告10-Q的附件提交给美国证券交易委员会的文件，并理解我们的实际未来结果可能会与这些前瞻性说明所表达或暗示的任何未来结果存在实质差异。关于我们的现金消耗能力并不意味着我们何时可以进入资本市场。

尽管我们可能选择在将来某个时候更新这些前瞻性陈述，但除非适用法律要求，否则我们不承担进行更新的义务。这些前瞻性陈述仅代表这份第10-Q表格季度报告的日期。

业务性质和财务报表基础说明

业务描述

iTeos Therapeutics, Inc.（“iTeos Inc.”或“公司”），成立于2019年10月4日的特拉华州公司，总部位于马萨诸塞州沃特敦，是iTeos Belgium SA（iTeos Belgium）的继任者，iTeos Belgium成立于2011年，总部位于比利时夏勒鲁瓦。公司是一家临床阶段的生物制药公司，致力于发现和开发新一代免疫肿瘤治疗药物，用于治疗患癌症患者。通过充分利用对肿瘤免疫学和免疫抑制途径的深刻理解，我们设计了具有优化药理学特性的新型药物候选产品，通过恢复免疫应答反击癌症，改善临床治疗效果。公司专注于推进其创新单克隆抗体（mAbs）和小分子管线，用于治疗癌症，尤其是固体肿瘤。我们的三个临床阶段项目针对新颖的已验证的免疫肿瘤途径，包括针对TIGIT/CD226途径的TIGIt（带有lg和ITIm结构的T细胞免疫受体）及腺苷途径的A2AR（腺苷2A受体）和ENT1（平衡性核苷转运蛋白1）。

公司的首席抗体候选产品belrestotug，也称为EOS-448/GSK4428859A，是一个TIGIt的拮抗剂，TIGIt是一种具有多种作用机制的免疫检查点。belrestotug之所以被选中，是因为它与TIGIt的靶向亲和力、效力和潜力与FcγR结合，后者是免疫反应的关键调节因子，可以触发多面机制，提高抗肿瘤效力。这一多面机制包括激活树突状细胞、自然杀伤细胞和巨噬细胞，促进细胞因子释放和抗体依赖性细胞毒性（ADCC）活性。公司于2020年启动了一个针对成年肿瘤患者的开放标签Ⅰ/Ⅱa期临床试验，研究belrestotug在晚期实体瘤患者中的应用。2021年4月，公司报告了初步的安全性、药代动力学、结合和药效数据，表明目标结合和临床活性的初步证据，作为单一药物。

2021年6月11日，公司的全资子公司iTeos Belgium S.A.与葛兰素史克知识产权（No.4）有限公司，即GSK，签署了一份合作和许可协议，即GSK合作协议，该协议于2021年7月26日生效。根据GSK合作协议，公司向GSK授予了一项许可，许可GSK开发、生产和商业化由belrestotug组成或含有的产品的知识产权，在美国以外的所有国家中，该许可是排他性的，在美国与iTeos共同排他。 GSK和iTeos打算联合开发belrestotug，包括与GSk的其他肿瘤资产合作，并且iTeos和GSK将共同拥有在GSK合作协议下开发此类组合的知识产权。与GSK合作，公司正在进行随机、双盲的3期注册试验GALAXIES Lung-301，评估GSK的PD-1抗体（Jemperli（dostarlimab-gxly））与belrestotug对安慰剂和帕博利珠单抗治疗一线PD-L1高非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）患者的双联疗法。公司还正在进行一项随机的2期平台研究GALAXIES Lung-201，评估dostarlimab与belrestotug及与GSK'608、GSK的研究中抗CD96抗体nelistotug的组合。2024年9月，公司宣布，GALAXIES Lung-201研究中每个dostarlimab与belrestotug给药队列均观察到了临床意义显著的客观反应率，安全性与已知的联合治疗检查点抑制剂的安全性基本一致。此外，公司正在进行一项2期平台研究GALAXIES H&N-202，评估belrestotug和dostarlimab双联疗法以及三联疗法，包括GSK的抗CD96抗体nelistotug（GSK'608），用于一线PD-L1阳性晚期或转移性头颈鳞状细胞癌（HNSCC），以及一项扩展试验评估belrestotug和dostarlimab与一线PD-L1阳性晚期或转移性HNSCC。在评估dostarlimab与belrestotug双联疗法对一线HNSCC患者的TIG-006试验（2C和2D队列）中，我们完成了试验的第2期扩展部分的招募。我们与GSK商定不继续进行这些开放标签队列的第1阶段招募，以便专注于随机对照GALAXIES H&N-202平台研究。公司和GSK继续探索两个新颖的三联疗法，其中包括已选择的晚期实体瘤，均正在进行10亿期试验：belrestotug与dostarlimab和nelistotug，GSK的研究中抗CD96抗体以及belrestotug与dostarlimab和GSK的抗PVRIG抗体（GSK'562）。

公司的下一个最先进项目是inupadenant，又称EOS-850，这是一种下一代A2AR拮抗剂，旨在克服肿瘤微环境中特定的腺苷介导的免疫抑制。公司在成年癌症患者中进行了对inupadenant的开放标签多臂1/2a期临床试验。2020年4月，公司报告了初步的安全数据和作为单一药剂的临床活性的早期证据。公司对inupadenant的单药剂量递增和扩展部分在一些患有晚期实体瘤的患者中展示了持久的单药抗肿瘤活性。

safety consistent with previously reported results. The Company also completed enrollment of patients in the escalation portion (Part 1) of an ongoing two-part Phase 2 trial in post-IO metastatic NSCLC to evaluate the combination of inupadenant with platinum-doublet chemotherapy compared to standard platinum-doublet chemotherapy.

The Company continues to progress research programs focused on additional targets that complement its TIGIT and adenosine pathway programs or address additional immunosuppressive pathways. The most recent program to enter the clinic is EOS-984, a potentially first-in-class small molecule focused on a new mechanism in the adenosine pathway by targeting ENT1, a dominant transporter of adenosine on lymphocytes involved in T cell metabolism, expansion, effector function, and survival. The Company's expertise also allows it to integrate a biomarker-rich strategy into its clinical programs to measure the activity of a product candidate in patients, seek to optimize combination agents and identify patients it deems most likely to benefit from treatment.

The Company began its research and development activities as a spin-off of Ludwig Cancer Research and has built significant expertise in designing novel cancer immunotherapies. The Company's internal research and development team has extensive expertise in tumor immunology, characterization of immunosuppressive mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment, pharmacology and translational medicine. The Company has also built discovery capabilities to develop both small molecules and antibodies with differentiated and optimized product profiles for targets validated by a strong scientific rationale.

On December 2, 2020, iTeos Securities Corporation (iTeos SC) was incorporated as a Massachusetts Security Corporation. It is a wholly-owned subsidiary of iTeos Inc. On July 27, 2021, iTeos BE, LLC (iTeos LLC) was incorporated as a Delaware Limited Liability Company. It is a wholly-owned subsidiary of iTeos Belgium.

Liquidity and capital resources

Since inception, the Company’s activities have consisted primarily of performing research and development to advance its product candidates. The Company had a net loss of $45.4 million and $90.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had retained earnings of $33.9 million. As of November 12, 2024, the issuance date of the condensed consolidated financial statements for the period ended September 30, 2024, the Company expects that its cash and cash equivalents would be sufficient to fund its operating expenses, capital expenditure requirements and debt service payments for at least 12 months.

The Company may seek additional funding in order to reach its development and commercialization objectives. The Company may not be able to obtain funding on acceptable terms, or at all, and the Company may not be able to enter into collaborations or other arrangements. The terms of any funding may adversely affect the holdings or the rights of the Company’s stockholders. If the Company is unable to obtain funding, the Company could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate some or all of its research and development programs, product portfolio expansion or commercialization efforts, which could adversely affect its business prospects.

The Company’s future results of operations involve a number of risks and uncertainties. Factors that could affect the Company’s future operating results and cause actual results to vary materially from expectations include, but are not limited to, uncertainty regarding results of clinical trials and reaching milestones, uncertainty of regulatory approval of the Company’s current or future product candidates, uncertainty of market acceptance of the Company’s product candidates, if approved, competition from substitute products and larger companies, securing and protecting proprietary technology, strategic relationships and dependence on key individuals and sole source suppliers. Product candidates currently under development will require significant additional research and development efforts, including extensive preclinical and clinical testing and regulatory approval prior to commercialization. These efforts require significant amounts of capital, adequate personnel and infrastructure and extensive compliance-reporting capabilities and may not ultimately lead to a marketing approval and commercialization of a product.

The Company’s product candidates require approvals from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ("FDA") and comparable foreign regulatory agencies prior to commercial sales in their respective jurisdictions. The Company's product candidates may fail to receive the necessary approvals. If the Company was denied approval, approval was delayed or the Company was unable to maintain approval for any product candidate, it could have a materially adverse impact on the Company. Even if the Company’s product development efforts are successful, it is uncertain when, if ever, the Company will realize significant revenue from product sales. The Company will need to generate significant revenue to achieve sustained profitability, and it may never do so.

Basis of presentation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP").

Note 3. Investment securities and fair value measurements

The following tables set forth the Company’s financial instruments that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:


	September 30, 2024
(in thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Money market funds	$	108,739	$	—	$	—	$	108,739
U.S. government agency bonds		—		81,714		—		81,714
U.S. treasury bonds		343,054		—		—		343,054
Corporate debt securities		—		100,395		—		100,395
Totals	$	451,793	$	182,109	$	—	$	633,902


	December 31, 2023
(in thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Money market funds	$	228,406	$	—	$	—	$	228,406
U.S. government agency bonds		—		193,076		—		193,076
U.S. treasury bonds		103,597		—		—		103,597
Corporate debt securities		—		84,605		—		84,605
Totals	$	332,003	$	277,681	$	—	$	609,684

Money market funds are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy because they are valued using quoted market prices in an active market. U.S. treasury securities are also classified as Level 1 because they are valued using quoted prices. U.S. government agency and corporate securities are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy because they are valued using market-based models that consider inputs such as yield, prices of comparable securities, coupon rate, maturity, and credit quality.

During the periods presented, the Company has not changed the manner in which it values assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value. The Company recognizes transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy as of the end of the reporting period. There were no transfers within the hierarchy during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

The Company's fixed income securities held as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 with original maturity dates beyond three months are classified as available-for-sale. The following table presents the amortized cost, fair value, and unrealized gains and losses by major security type, for the fixed income securities held by the Company:


	September 30, 2024
(in thousands)	Amortized cost		Gross unrealized gains		Gross unrealized losses			Fair value
U.S. government agency bonds	$	81,478	$	251	$	(15	)	$	81,714
U.S. treasury bonds		341,655		1,446		(46	)		343,055
Corporate debt securities		100,114		281		—			100,395
Totals	$	523,247	$	1,978	$	(61	)	$	525,164


	December 31, 2023
(in thousands)	Amortized cost		Gross unrealized gains		Gross unrealized losses			Fair value
U.S. government agency bonds	$	193,231	$	90	$	(245	)	$	193,076
U.S. treasury bonds		103,476		156		(35	)		103,597
Corporate debt securities		84,536		114		(45	)		84,605
Totals	$	381,243	$	360	$	(325	)	$	381,278

The following table presents the amortized cost and fair value of the Company's fixed income securities by maturity grouping as of September 30, 2024.


	September 30, 2024
(in thousands)	Amortized cost		Fair value
Due in one year or less	$	364,097	$	364,966
Due after one year through five years		159,150		160,198
Due after five years through ten years		—		—
Due after ten years		—		—
Total	$	523,247	$	525,164


	December 31, 2023
(in thousands)	Amortized cost		Fair value
Due in one year or less	$	281,035	$	280,739
Due after one year through five years		100,208		100,539
Due after five years through ten years		—		—
Due after ten years		—		—
Total	$	381,243	$	381,278

There were no securities with expected credit losses or non-credit related impairment as of September 30, 2024 or December 31, 2023. There were no sales of securities which resulted in a realized loss during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024. The Company recognized $5.0 million and $14.6 million of interest income earned from its available-for-sale debt securities and cash and cash equivalents during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively. The Company recognized $3.0 million and $8.6 million of accretion on its available-for-sale debt securities during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024. The accretion recognized was recorded to interest income during these periods. The Company recognized $5.4 million and $15.9 million of interest income earned from its available-for-sale debt securities and money market funds during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. The Company also recognized $2.7 million and $8.1 million of accretion on its available-for-sale debt securities, which was recorded to interest income, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Note 4. Supplemental balance sheet information

Property and equipment

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following:


(in thousands)	September 30, 2024			December 31, 2023
Scientific equipment	$	4,719		$	3,434
Furniture & office equipment		1,259			1,467
Leasehold improvements & assets under construction		4,348			4,177
Total		10,326			9,078
Accumulated depreciation and amortization		(4,954	)		(4,382	)
Property & equipment, net	$	5,372		$	4,696

Depreciation and amortization expense was $0.3 million and $0.9 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, and $0.2 million and $0.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively.

Other accrued expenses

Other accrued expenses consisted of the following:


(in thousands)	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Accrued professional and other fees		943		102
Total other accrued expenses	$	943	$	102

The accrued expenses and other current liabilities presentation on the balance sheet has been further disaggregated compared to the presentation reflected in the 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. The prior period balance sheet has been amended to reflect the updated presentation.

right that covers such licensed product in such country, and (ii) ten years following the first commercial sale of such licensed product in such country.

Through September 30, 2024, the Company has paid a total of $9.4 million to Adimab relating to milestones under the Adimab Agreement. The Company made a $1.0 million payment to Adimab in the first quarter of 2024 relating to a milestone that occurred during the fourth quarter of 2023. The Company also made a $3.0 million payment in the three months ended September 30, 2024 in connection with a development milestone that occurred early in the third quarter of 2024. The Company paid a total of $4.0 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 relating to milestones that occurred under the Adimab Agreement. As of the date of these condensed consolidated financial statements, the Company has not pursued any additional targets under the Adimab agreement that could potentially result in such milestone payments.

Adimab controls the filing, prosecution, maintenance and enforcement of the intellectual property that it licenses to the Company under the Adimab Agreement. The Company has the right to enforce such licensed intellectual property against infringement if the infringement is competitive with the Company’s licensed products and Adimab does not pursue enforcement. The Company controls the filing, prosecution, maintenance and enforcement of the intellectual property the Company licenses to Adimab under the Adimab Agreement and all program antibody patents.

The term of the Adimab Agreement will continue until the last to expire royalty term on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis if the Company exercises its option, or in the event no option is exercised, the conclusion of the last-to-expire evaluation term, unless terminated earlier by either party. Each party has the right to terminate the Adimab Agreement due to the other party’s uncured material breach or the Company’s abandonment of the product.

GlaxoSmithKline ("GSK")

Summary of Agreement

On June 11, 2021, the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, iTeos Belgium S.A., and GSK executed a Collaboration and License Agreement (the "GSK Collaboration Agreement"), pursuant to which the Company agreed to grant GSK a license under certain of the Company’s intellectual property rights to develop, manufacture, and commercialize products comprised of or containing the Company’s antibody product, belrestotug. Under the GSK Collaboration Agreement, GSK agreed to make an upfront nonrefundable payment of $625.0 million to the Company within 10 business days of the date on which the GSK Collaboration Agreement became effective, which occurred on July 26, 2021. Additionally, the Company is eligible to receive up to $1.45 billion in milestone payments, contingent upon the belrestotug program achieving certain development and commercial milestones. Within the collaboration, GSK and the Company agree to share responsibility and costs for the global development of belrestotug beyond the Phase 1 study (the "Global Development Plan") and will jointly commercialize and equally split profits in the United States. Outside of the United States, GSK will receive an exclusive license for commercialization, and the Company is eligible to receive tiered double digit royalty payments up to 20% during a customary royalty term.

Collaboration

The Company concluded that the GSK Collaboration Agreement is under the scope of ASC 808 as both parties will actively participate in a joint operating activity and are exposed to significant risks and rewards that depend on the activity’s commercial success. ASC 808 provides that certain transactions between collaborative arrangement participants should be accounted for as revenue under ASC 606 when the collaborative arrangement participant is a customer in the context of a unit of account. In those situations, all of the guidance in ASC 606 should be applied, including recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure requirements related to such unit of account. The unit-of-account guidance in ASC 808, which aligns with the guidance in ASC 606 (that is, a distinct good or service) is used when an entity is assessing whether the collaborative arrangement or a part of the arrangement is within the scope of ASC 606.

The Company determined that the co-development in Phases 2 and 3 and the co-commercialization efforts of the GSK Collaboration Agreement represent joint operating activities in which both parties are active participants and of which both parties are exposed to significant risks and rewards that are dependent on the success of the activities. Accordingly, the Company is accounting for these activities in accordance with ASC No. 808, Collaborative Arrangements (ASC 808). Additionally, the Company has determined that in the context of these activities, GSK does not represent a customer as contemplated by ASC 606-10-15, Revenue from Contracts with Customers – Scope and Scope Exceptions. As a result, these activities are accounted for as a component of the related expense in the period incurred in accordance with ASC 730, Research and Development. Additionally, reimbursements received from GSK in connection with the joint operating activities are recognized as a reduction to research and development expense.

GSK is responsible for 60% of the costs related to the Global Development Plan. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company recorded to research and development expense $11.4 million and $34.2 million related to the cost-sharing provisions of the GSK Collaboration Agreement. $9.5 million of these costs are payable to

GSK; $3.0 million of which is recorded in accounts payable and $6.5 million of which is recorded in accrued clinical trial costs in the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2024. The Company and GSK have collectively agreed to spend an aggregate of $900.0 million on the Global Development Plan.

Revenue Recognition

The Company also evaluated the elements of the GSK Collaboration Agreement in accordance with the provisions of ASC 606 and concluded that the contract counterparty, GSK, is a customer. The Company’s arrangement with GSK contains the following material promises under the contract at inception: (i) transfer of the license under certain of the Company’s intellectual property related to belrestotug, (ii) completion of the Phase 1 clinical study related to belrestotug, (iii) transfer of “Know How” under the belrestotug intellectual property, and (iv) manufacturing until the “Know How” transfer is complete. The Company evaluated the above material promises under ASC 606 and determined that it has one combined performance obligation. These promises are considered to be outputs of the Company's ordinary activities and ongoing major operations. As GSK provided the Company consideration in exchange for these promises, GSK meets the definition of a customer under ASC 606-10-20 in the context of the combined performance obligation. These promises are distinct from the co-development and co-commercialization activities in which the Company and GSK jointly participate. Accordingly, the context in which GSK is a customer is limited to the material promises described above.

The transaction price totaling $625.0 million was comprised of the upfront license payment. As of September 30, 2024, no development or regulatory milestones have been assessed as probable of being reached and thus have been fully constrained. As part of its evaluation of the constraint, the Company considered numerous factors, including that receipt of the milestones is outside the control of the Company and contingent upon success in future clinical trials and the licensee’s efforts. Any consideration related to sales-based milestones will be recognized when the related sales occur as they were determined to relate predominantly to the license granted to GSK and therefore have also been excluded from the transaction price. The Company is applying the royalty exception for sales-based royalties and will not recognize revenue until the subsequent sale of product occurs.

The transaction price is being recognized as revenue over time as the costs to complete the Phase 1 study, perform interim clinical supply manufacturing, and perform the know-how transfer are incurred. The performance obligation was fully completed in the three months ended March 31, 2023. Revenue was recognized using a percent complete method based on costs incurred compared with the total expected costs to be incurred (cost to cost measure of progress). There were no outputs from the performance obligation. As a result, an input method was appropriate. A cost-to-cost measure of progress provides a faithful depiction of the transfer of services to the customer since the predominant inputs to the performance obligation were labor costs, research and development supplies and manufacturing supplies related to the Phase 1 Study, clinical manufacturing and know-how transfer.

The Company recognized $35.0 million of revenue during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, relating to the dosing of the first patient in the Phase 3 study for GALAXIES-301 in collaboration with GSK. The Company determined as of the quarter ended June 30, 2024 that the milestone that triggered a $35.0 million payment from GSK was probable to occur, and the Company therefore deemed it probable that there would not be a significant reversal of the related revenue recorded in the quarter ended June 30, 2024. The dosing occurred in early July 2024. The entirety of the milestone payment was recognized as revenue at once because the one combined performance obligation identified within the GSK contract had been fully satisfied in the first quarter of 2023. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized the remaining revenue relating to the upfront payment totaling $12.6 million with respect to the GSK Collaboration Agreement. The revenue was classified as license and collaboration revenue in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations. There was no deferred revenue remaining as of September 30, 2024 or December 31, 2023.

Contract Assets and Liabilities

There were no remaining contract assets or liabilities as of the period ended September 30, 2024.

MSD International GmbH

On December 10, 2019, the Company entered into a Clinical Trial Collaboration and Supply Agreement (the "MSD Agreement") with MSD International GmbH ("MSD"), a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc. Under the MSD Agreement, the Company sponsors a clinical trial in which both the Company’s compound and MSD’s compound are dosed in combination. The Company conducts the research at its own cost and MSD contributes its compound towards the study at no cost to the Company. The parties equally own the clinical data and inventions from the study, with the exception of inventions relating solely to each party’s compound class. The MSD Agreement will expire upon the delivery of a written report on the results of the study, unless earlier terminated or agreed by the parties.

Note 6. Government grant funding and potential repayment commitments under recoverable cash advance grants (RCAs)

The Company has been awarded grants from the Walloon Region, a federal region of Belgium (the "Walloon Region") and the European Union (the "Granting Agencies") to fund research and development activities. The grants reimburse a percentage (55-100%) of actual qualifying expenditures. The Company periodically submits proof of qualifying expenditures to the Granting Agencies for approval and reimbursement. To date, the Company has received funding under several grants which included no obligation to repay and two grants that include potential obligations to repay.

As the Granting Agencies do not meet the definition of a customer under Topic 606, qualifying grants receipts are recognized as grant income within other income in the condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.

Grants which do not include an obligation to repay

The total amount that the Granting Agencies have agreed to fund for qualifying research and development expenses is $11.9 million under these grants.

Grants which include an obligation to repay

On July 20, 2017, the Company entered into a recoverable cash advance arrangement whereby the Walloon Region will provide the Company with up to $21.1 million for a research and development program to perform clinical validation of an A2A receptor antagonist drug candidate for immune-oncology ("RCA-1").

On December 3, 2019, the Company entered into another recoverable cash advance arrangement with the Walloon Region ("RCA-2") for up to $4.8 million to be received to fund a research and development program conducted to develop a TIGIT blocking antibody with anti-tumor properties.

Under the terms of both agreements, the Company had to decide within 6 months after the end of the research period whether it would further pursue commercial development or out licensing of the drug candidate. The research period for RCA-1 ended in December 2021. The Company decided it would pursue commercialization or out licensing of RCA-1. The Company negotiated an extension on the research period for RCA-2 with the Walloon Region. The original research period for RCA-2 ended February 2021 and was extended to March 2022, after which the Company decided it would pursue commercialization or out licensing. The Company must repay 30% of the amount received under both grants by annual installments from 2023 to 2042 (the fixed annual repayments), unless the Company had decided not to pursue commercial development or out licensing of the drug candidate, applied for a waiver from the Walloon Region justifying its decision based upon the failure of the program, or returned the intellectual property to the Walloon Region. Because of the requirement to repay 30% of the amounts received under both grants, the Company records the present value of the fixed payments as grants repayable on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company repaid $0.2 million of these grants in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024.

In addition, in the event that the Company receives revenue from products or services related to the results of the research, it has to pay to the Walloon Region a 0.33% royalty on revenue resulting from RCA-1 and a 0.15% royalty on revenue resulting from RCA-2 (increased from 0.12% effective December 2021). The maximum amount payable to the Walloon Region under each grant, including the fixed annual repayments, the royalty on revenue, and the interest thereon, is twice the amount of funding received.

The Company assessed whether there is an obligation to make a royalty payment based on the probability of successful completion of the research and development and future sales and commercial success of the drug candidate. For the RCA-1, there was no grant repayable related to royalties recorded as of September 30, 2024, or December 31, 2023. For the RCA-2, the Company recorded a royalty accrual of $0.9 million as of September 30, 2024, and $0.8 million

as of December 31, 2023, due to the upfront payment from the GSK Collaboration Agreement. The royalty accrual is included in the accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The Company recorded grant income in the condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 for amounts of grants received from the Walloon Region in the period during which the related qualifying expenses were incurred, net of any grants repayable recorded in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The Company recorded receivables on the condensed consolidated balance sheets related to amounts the Walloon Region owes the Company based on qualifying expenses incurred by the Company. The Company recorded deferred income in the condensed consolidated balance sheets for amounts received from the Walloon Region in advance of incurring qualifying expenses.

The following table reflects activity for grant programs for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, and end of period balances as of September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023:


	RCA -1				RCA-2				Other Grants				Total
(In thousands)	2024		2023		2024		2023		2024		2023		2024		2023
Cash received	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	777	$	3,542	$	777	$	3,542
Grant income	$	17	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	2,086	$	2,165	$	2,103	$	2,165
Grants receivable at the end of the period	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	773	$	—	$	773	$	—
Grants repayable at the end of the period	$	5,392	$	5,496	$	1,294	$	1,317	$	—	$	—	$	6,686	$	6,813

$0.4 million and $0.2 million of the grants repayable was included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, and the remaining balance was included in grants repayable, net of current portion in the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

Note 8. Stock-based compensation

General

Stock options expire seven to 10 years from the date of grant. Generally, the exercise price of all stock options will be equal to the closing market price on The Nasdaq Global Market of one share of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant, or if no closing price is reported for such date, the closing price on the next immediately preceding date for which a closing price is reported. The stock options generally vest 25% upon the one-year anniversary of the service inception date and then ratably each month over the remaining 36 months. Upon termination of service, any unvested stock options are automatically returned to Company. Vested stock options that are not exercised within the specified period, according to the terms and conditions of the option plan, following the termination as an employee, consultant, or service provider to the Company are surrendered back to the Company. Those stock options are added back to the pool and made available for future grants.

2019 Stock Option and Grant Plan

The Company’s 2019 Stock Option and Grant Plan (the "2019 Plan") provided for the Company to grant stock options and other stock-based awards to employees and non-employees to purchase the Company’s common stock. Total authorized options under the 2019 Stock Option and Grant Plan is 3,464,316. The 2020 Plan (as defined below) replaced the 2019 Plan and no further issuances will be made under the 2019 Plan. However, the 2019 Plan continues to govern outstanding equity awards granted thereunder.

On July 15, 2020, the Company’s board of directors approved an amendment to stock options outstanding under the 2019 Stock Option and Grant Plan to provide for immediate 100% vesting for all outstanding options under the plan upon the consummation of a Sale Event, as defined by the amendment.

2020 Stock Option and Incentive Plan

The 2020 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (the "2020 Plan") was approved by the Company's board of directors on July 15, 2020, and the Company’s stockholders on July 20, 2020 and became effective on July 22, 2020. On April 21, 2022, our board of directors adopted an amendment to the 2020 Plan, the amended and restated 2020 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (the "Amended 2020 Plan") to increase the limit on total annual compensation (equity and cash) to non-employee directors. The Amended 2020 Plan was approved by the Company's stockholders and became effective on June 9, 2022. The Amended 2020 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units, restricted stock awards, unrestricted stock awards, cash-based awards and dividend equivalent rights to the Company’s officers, employees, directors and consultants. The number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance as of December 31, 2023 under the Amended 2020 Plan was 9,115,915 and will be increased each January 1 by 5% of the number of shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding on the immediately preceding December 31 or such lesser number of shares as determined by the compensation committee of the Company's board of directors. Accordingly, on January 1, 2024, the number of shares of common stock reserved and available for issuance under the Amended 2020 Plan increased by 1,791,904. The number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance as of September 30, 2024 under the Amended 2020 Plan was 11,624,288, which includes the impact of exercises of stock options to purchase shares of common stock out of and cancellations of stock options to purchase shares of common stock added back into this reserve to date.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The 2020 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the "2020 ESPP") was approved by the Company's board of directors on July 15, 2020, and the Company’s stockholders on July 20, 2020, and became effective on July 22, 2020. The number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance as of September 30, 2024 under the 2020 ESPP was 580,443. The ESPP provides that the number of shares reserved and available for issuance will automatically increase each January 1 thereafter by the lesser of 634,969 shares of common stock, 1% of the outstanding number of shares of common stock on the immediately preceding December 31, or such lesser number of shares as determined by the Company’s compensation committee. There was no increase to the number of shares of common stock reserved and available for issuance under the 2020 ESPP on January 1, 2024. There were 32,199 shares issued under the 2020 ESPP during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024. The purchase price of the stock is equal to 85% of the lesser of the market value of such shares at either first date of the offering period or the last date of the offering period. The estimated fair value of the purchase options for the offering period that was open as of the end of the three and nine months ended

September 30, 2024 was $6.45 per share. The assumptions utilized to estimate the fair value are included in the assumption table below.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

Stock-based compensation expense is classified in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss as follows:


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Research and development	$	2,622	$	1,809	$	6,902	$	4,694
General and administrative		4,921		5,248		15,966		15,134
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	7,543	$	7,057	$	22,868	$	19,828

Of the $7.5 million and $22.9 million of stock-based compensation expense recognized during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, $6.5 million and $20.1 million related to stock options, respectively, $0.9 million and $2.5 million related to restricted stock units, respectively, and $0.1 million and $0.2 million related to ESPP awards, respectively. Of the $7.1 million and $19.8 million of stock-based compensation expense recognized during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, $6.8 million and $19.1 million related to stock options, respectively, $0.2 million and $0.6 million related to restricted stock units, respectively, and $0.1 million related to ESPP awards in both periods.

Stock Options

The following table summarizes stock option activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2024:


	Stock Options
	Shares			Weighted average exercise price		Weighted average remaining contractual life (in years)		Aggregate intrinsic value (in thousands)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023		8,270,220		$	17.73	6.5
Granted		2,582,470			12.93
Forfeited		(482,899	)		29.32
Exercised		(412,459	)		5.33
Outstanding as of September 30, 2024		9,957,332		$	16.43		7.2	$	11,979
Exercisable at September 30, 2024		5,645,152		$	16.79		5.9	$	11,902

The weighted-average grant-date fair value of options awarded during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 was $9.26 per share and $12.35 per share, respectively. As of September 30, 2024, there was a total of $45.8 million of unrecognized employee compensation costs related to non-vested stock option awards expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.5 years.

The Company estimates the fair value of stock-based compensation utilizing the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which is dependent upon several variables, such as expected term, volatility, risk-free interest rate, and expected dividends. Each of these inputs is subjective and generally requires significant judgment to determine.

The following table summarizes the range of key assumptions used to determine the fair value of stock options granted during:


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024			2023			2024			2023
Stock Options:
Risk-free interest rate	3.69% - 4.45%			4.11% - 4.20%			3.69% - 4.64%			3.46% - 4.22%
Expected term (in years)		6			6		5.5 - 6			5.5 - 6
Expected volatility	76% - 82%				82	%	76% - 84%			82% - 96%
Expected dividend yield		0	%	0%				0	%	0%
Estimated fair value of common stock	$15.01 - $17.46			$13.36 - $13.81			$10.21 - $17.46			$13.36 - $21.15
ESPP Awards:
Risk-free interest rate	-				5.44	%		5.39	%		5.44	%
Expected term (in years)	-				0.5			0.5			0.5
Expected volatility	-				95	%		80	%		95	%
Expected dividend yield	-				0	%		0	%		0	%
Estimated fair value of common stock	-			$15.85			$16.98			$15.85

Restricted Stock Units

The Company issued restricted stock units during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, which vest over a four-year period. The following table summarizes the Company’s restricted stock unit activity:


	Shares			Weighted average grant date fair value
Unvested as of December 31, 2023		517,625		$	11.81
Issued		289,965			11.58
Vested		(1,875	)		35.86
Cancelled		(15,000	)		19.44
Unvested as of September 30, 2024		790,715		$	11.53

As of September 30, 2024, there was $5.8 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to restricted stock units that are expected to vest. These costs are expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.3 years.

Note 9. Income taxes

The following table presents the loss before income taxes, income tax expense and effective income tax rates for all periods presented:


(Loss) income before income tax expense	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2024			2023			2024			2023
Domestic		(16,882	)		(20,393	)		(59,690	)		(56,577	)
Foreign		(26,233	)		(13,029	)		(24,295	)		(24,265	)
Loss before income tax expense		(43,115	)		(33,422	)		(83,985	)		(80,842	)
Income tax expense		(2,243	)		1,181			(6,717	)		(1,249	)
Effective tax rate	(5.2)%			3.5%			(8.0)%			(1.5)%

The Company's effective tax rates were (5.2)% and (8.0)% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively. They differed from the federal and foreign statutory rates of 21% and 25%, respectively, primarily due to income tax expense resulting from investment income generated by marketable investments held by iTeos LLC, which is not consolidated for U.S. income tax purposes. The Company incurred income tax expense, despite a loss before income taxes, due to taxable interest income generated by a subsidiary of iTeos Belgium which cannot be offset by the net operating losses of iTeos or iTeos Belgium. In addition, the Company recorded an additional liability of $1.1 million

Note 10. Commitments and contingencies

Purchase commitments

The Company has contractual arrangements with research and development organizations and suppliers; however, these contracts are generally cancelable on 30-60 days’ notice and the obligations under these contracts are largely based on services performed. The Company may also enter into contracts in the normal course of business with clinical research organizations for clinical trials, with contract manufacturing organizations for clinical supplies and with other vendors for preclinical studies, supplies and other services and products for operating purposes. These contracts generally provide for termination on notice. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there were no amounts accrued related to termination charges.

The Company has entered into a Biologics Master Services Agreement (the "WuXi Agreement") with WuXi Biologics (Hong Kong) Limited ("WuXi"). The WuXi Agreement provides the terms and conditions under which WuXi will coordinate the Company’s biologics development and manufacturing services. Pursuant to the WuXi Agreement, the Company may be required to pay WuXi a royalty percentage or a one-time milestone payment on global net sales of third-party manufactured products at the Company’s election. The royalty or one-time milestone payment is only payable if the Company does not use WuXi as the manufacturer in part, or in totality. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there are no minimum commitments under the WuXi Agreement. Additionally, as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there are no royalties or milestones payable.

Operating leases

The Company’s operating leases are as follows:

•

An April 2016 lease for 1,577 square meters of office and laboratory space in Gosselies, Belgium, which commenced in May 2016 and was scheduled to terminate in December 2021. In January 2021, the Company entered into an amendment to extend the lease, effective February 2021 with a termination date of January 2030, and increase the office and laboratory space by 201 square meters. There is no option within the lease agreement to extend the termination date. In October 2021, the Company entered into an amendment to increase the office and laboratory space by 453 square meters. In May 2023, the Company entered into another amendment to again increase the office and laboratory space by an additional 453 square meters for a total of 2,684 square meters. The amendment resulted in an additional $0.9 million of both right-of-use assets and liabilities.

•

A November 2021 lease for 9,068 square feet of office space in Watertown, Massachusetts, which commenced in November 2021 and terminates in February 2027. The lease is subject to fixed-rate rent escalations. There is no option within the lease agreement to extend the termination date.

•

A July 2023 lease for 859 square meters of laboratory space in Gosselies, Belgium, for which the Company took occupancy in March 2024 and will terminate in December 2028. This lease does not contain any variable lease payments. There is no option within the lease agreement to terminate nor to extend the lease prior to the termination date.

•

Various car leases that the Company enters into from time to time. The life of each car lease ranges from 48 to 60 months.

The Company identified and assessed the following estimates in recognizing the operating lease right of use assets and corresponding liabilities.

Expected lease term: The expected lease term includes non-cancelable lease periods and, when applicable, periods covered by an option to extend the lease if the Company is reasonably certain to exercise that option, as well as periods covered by an option to terminate the lease if the Company is reasonably certain not to exercise that option.

Incremental borrowing rate: As the discount rates in the Company’s lease are not implicit, management estimated the incremental borrowing rate based on the rate of interest the Company would have to pay to borrow a similar amount on a collateralized basis over a similar term.

Lease and non-lease components: The Company is required to pay fees for operating expenses in addition to monthly base rent for certain operating leases ("non-lease components"). The Company has not elected the practical expedient which allows non-lease components to be combined with lease components for all asset classes. Variable non-lease components are not included within the lease right-of-use asset and lease liability on the condensed consolidated balance sheet, and instead are reflected as expense in the period they are paid.

Rent expense was $0.4 million and $1.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively. Rent expense was $0.3 million and $0.9 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively.

The following table summarizes lease terms and discount rate:


	September 30, 2024			December 31, 2023
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years)		4.0			4.6
Weighted-average discount rate		4.74	%		4.75	%

The following table summarizes the cash flow and other information:


	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Operating lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use assets (non-cash)	$	150	$	723	$	385	$	1,782
Operating cash flows used in operating leases	$	380	$	316	$	1,148	$	865

As of September 30, 2024, the Company had the following future minimum lease payments under non-cancelable operating leases for the remainder of 2024 and the future years thereafter (in thousands):


Year ending December 31:
2024	$	395
2025		1,581
2026		1,543
2027		1,039
2028		852
Thereafter		628
Total lease payments		6,038
Less: interest		(510	)
Total lease liability	$	5,528
Lease liabilities, current	$	1,354
Lease liabilities, net of current portion	$	4,174

In November 2021, the Company provided a letter of credit for $142 thousand to secure its obligation under its lease in Watertown, Massachusetts. The Company maintains that amount of cash on hand (restricted) to fund any necessary draws on the letter of credit. In addition, as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had $167 thousand and $131 thousand on hand, respectively, serving as a guarantee for its lease obligation in Belgium.

Note 12. Net loss per share attributable to common stock

The Company granted certain stock options under the 2019 Plan, and currently grants certain stock options under the 2020 Plan, which are considered common stock equivalents. Unvested restricted stock units granted under the 2020 Plan are also considered common stock equivalents. The Company uses the treasury stock method to calculate weighted-average diluted shares outstanding. For the periods ending September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, the common stock equivalents were excluded from the calculation of net loss per share due to their anti-dilutive effect.

The following table summarizes the impact of the treasury stock method:


Net loss per share	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands, except per share amounts)	2024			2023			2024			2023
Numerator
Net loss attributable to common stockholders	$	(45,358	)	$	(32,241	)	$	(90,702	)	$	(82,091	)
Denominator
Weighted-average shares used in compute net loss per share, basic		43,135,464			35,783,160			39,572,673			35,756,295
Effect of dilutive securities (a)		—			—			—			—
Weighted-average shares used to compute net loss per share, diluted		43,135,464			35,783,160			39,572,673			35,756,295
Net loss per share:
Basic	$	(1.05	)	$	(0.90	)	$	(2.29	)	$	(2.30	)
Diluted	$	(1.05	)	$	(0.90	)	$	(2.29	)	$	(2.30	)

(a) The common stock equivalents, which equaled 1,925,499 and 1,984,130 stock awards outstanding for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, and 1,661,812 and 1,751,070 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, were excluded for the period then ended, respectively, due to their anti-dilutive effect.

In accordance with ASC 260, Earnings Per Share, the shares of common stock underlying the pre-funded warrants are considered shares issuable for little or no cash consideration, and are therefore included in the calculation of basic net loss per share in the above table.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operation

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes for the year ended December 31, 2023 included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC. Some of the information contained in this discussion includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. As a result of many factors, including those factors set forth in the Special note regarding forward-looking statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and the “Risk factors” section of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, our actual results could differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis.

We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company pioneering the discovery and development of a new generation of immuno-oncology therapeutics for people living with cancer. By leveraging our deep understanding of tumor immunology and immunosuppressive pathways, we design novel product candidates with optimized pharmacologic properties to improve clinical outcomes by restoring the immune response against cancer.

Our innovative pipeline includes three clinical-stage programs targeting novel, validated immuno-oncology pathways. Our lead antibody product candidate, belrestotug, is an antagonist of TIGIT, or T-cell immunoreceptor with lg and ITIM domains, an immune checkpoint with multiple mechanisms of action. Belrestotug was selected for its affinity for TIGIT, its potency and its potential to engage the FcγR to activate dendritic cells, natural killer cells and macrophages and to promote cytokine release, activation of antigen presenting cells and ADCC activity. In 2020, we initiated an open-label Phase 1/2a clinical trial of belrestotug in adult cancer patients with advanced solid tumors. In April 2021, we reported preliminary safety, pharmacokinetic, engagement and pharmacodynamic data, indicating target engagement and early evidence of clinical activity as a single agent.

On June 11, 2021, our wholly owned subsidiary, iTeos Belgium S.A., and GSK executed the GSK Collaboration Agreement, which became effective on July 26, 2021. Pursuant to the GSK Collaboration Agreement, we granted GSK a license under certain of our intellectual property rights to develop, manufacture, and commercialize products comprised of or containing belrestotug, which license is exclusive in all countries outside of the United States and co-exclusive, with iTeos, in the United States. GSK and iTeos intend to develop belrestotug in combination with other oncology assets of GSK, and iTeos and GSK will jointly own the intellectual property created under the GSK Collaboration Agreement that covers such combinations.

In partnership with GSK, we are enrolling patients in a randomized, double-blind Phase 3 registrational trial, GALAXIES Lung-301, assessing the doublet of GSK's anti-PD-1 (Jemperli (dostarlimab-gxly)) with belrestotug versus placebo and pembrolizumab in patients with first-line PD-L1 high NSCLC. We are also enrolling patients with first-line PD-L1 high NSCLC in a randomized Phase 2 platform study, GALAXIES Lung-201, assessing dostarlimab with belrestotug and in combination with GSK'608, GSK's investigational anti-CD96 antibody, nelistotug. In September 2024, we announced that we observed a clinically meaningful objective response rate across each dostarlimab with belrestotug dosing cohort in the GALAXIES Lung-201 study and a safety profile that was broadly consistent with the known safety profile of combination therapy with checkpoint inhibitors. In addition, we are enrolling patients in a randomized Phase 2 platform study, GALAXIES H&N-202, assessing dostarlimab with belrestotug and other novel IO combinations, including nelistotug, in patients with first-line HNSCC. In the TIG-006 trial assessing the doublet of dostarlimab with belrestotug in patients with first-line HNSCC, we completed enrollment in the first portion of the Phase 2 expansion part of the trial. We and GSK agreed to not continue beyond stage 1 recruitment in these open-label cohorts in order to focus on the randomized, controlled GALAXIES H&N-202 platform study. We and GSK continue to explore two novel triplets in selected advanced solid tumors both in Phase 1b trials: belrestotug with dostarlimab and GSK’s investigational anti-CD96 antibody, and belrestotug with dostarlimab and GSK'562, GSK's anti-PVRIG.

We are also evaluating inupadenant, a next-generation adenosine A2A receptor antagonist tailored to overcome the specific adenosine-mediated immunosuppression found in the tumor microenvironment, following encouraging single-agent activity in Phase 1. We investigated inupadenant in an open-label multi-arm Phase 1/2a clinical trial in adult cancer patients with advanced solid tumors. The single-agent dose-escalation and expansion portions of our Phase 1/2a clinical trial of inupadenant have demonstrated durable monotherapy antitumor activity in some patients with advanced solid tumors and safety consistent with previously reported results. We also completed enrollment of patients in the dose escalation portion (Part 1) of an ongoing two-part Phase 2 trial in post-IO metastatic NSCLC to evaluate the combination of inupadenant with platinum-doublet chemotherapy compared to standard platinum-doublet chemotherapy.

Our most recent program to initiate clinical trials is EOS-984, a potentially first-in-class small molecule focused on a new mechanism in the adenosine pathway by targeting ENT1, a dominant transporter of adenosine on lymphocytes involved in T cell metabolism, expansion, effector function, and survival. EOS-984 has the potential to fully reverse adenosine immune suppression, as a monotherapy and in combination with other cancer therapies. We are evaluating EOS-984 in a Phase 1 trial in advanced malignancies. We completed enrolling patients in the monotherapy dose escalation portion and are treating patients in the EOS-984 and pembrolizumab combination portion of the study.

Since our inception in August 2011, we have devoted substantially all of our resources to organizing and staffing our company, business planning, raising capital, conducting discovery and research activities, filing patent applications, identifying potential product candidates, undertaking preclinical studies and clinical trials and establishing arrangements with third parties for the manufacture of initial quantities of our product candidates and component materials. To date, we have financed our operations primarily through license and collaboration revenue generated through the GSK Collaboration Agreement and through our Initial Public Offering ("IPO"). Through September 30, 2024, we had raised an aggregate of $210.6 million of net proceeds from the IPO, $177.1 million from the sale of preferred stock, received an up-front payment of $625.0 million with respect to the GSK Collaboration Agreement, and received net proceeds of $119.7 million from the registered direct offering executed in the quarter ended June 30, 2024. As of September 30, 2024, our principal sources of liquidity were cash and cash equivalents, which totaled $123.7 million, and available-for-sale securities, which totaled $525.2 million.

We expect to continue to incur significant expenses in connection with ongoing development activities, particularly if and as we:

We are also party to other collaboration and license agreements in addition to the GSK Collaboration Agreement pursuant to which we may be required to make future royalty and milestone payments. In January 2017, we entered into a collaboration agreement with Adimab, LLC ("Adimab"), pursuant to which we paid $1.0 million in 2018 to exercise an option to acquire certain licenses from Adimab. One of the antibodies licensed under this agreement is what we now refer to as belrestotug. In February 2021, we entered into an amendment to this agreement (the "Amended Adimab Agreement"). The Amended Adimab Agreement specifies different milestone payments for new products that are derived from research programs beginning after February 22, 2021 (the "New Products"). For New Products, on a per target basis, we may be required to pay development, regulatory and commercial milestone payments totaling up to an aggregate of $45.8 million for the first three products and additional milestone payments up to $14.5 million for each additional product. In 2022, we made a payment of $2.0 million due to reaching an additional milestone (dosing of first patient for Phase 2 clinical trial). In the fourth quarter of 2023, we obtained an exclusive licensing option from Adimab and incurred a $1.0 million option fee. We also paid a $3.0 milestone payment in connection with the dosing of the first patient in a Phase 3 trial, which occurred in July 2024. We will also pay Adimab low to mid single-digit percentage royalties on a country-by-country and product-by-product basis on worldwide net sales of licensed products. Through September 30, 2024, we have paid a total of $9.4 million to Adimab relating to milestones, option and other fees pursuant the Adimab Agreement.

We are also party to a biologics master services agreement (the "WuXi Agreement"), with WuXi Biologics Hong Kong Limited ("WuXi"), pursuant to which we will pay WuXi, at our election, either a low single-digit percentage royalty on global net sales of manufactured products or a one-time milestone payment in the low tens of millions.

On December 10, 2019, we entered into a Clinical Trial Collaboration and Supply Agreement (the "MSD Agreement") with MSD International GmbH ("MSD"), a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc. Under the MSD Agreement, we sponsor a clinical trial in which both our compound and MSD’s compound are dosed in combination. We conduct the

research at our own cost and MSD contributes its compound towards the study at no cost to us. We will equally own the clinical data and inventions from the study, with the exception of inventions relating solely to each party’s compound class. The MSD Agreement will expire upon the delivery of a written report on the results of the study, unless earlier terminated or agreed by the parties. We began receiving compounds from MSD on April 1, 2020 and we began the research study in the third quarter of 2020.

To date, our revenues have been derived from the upfront payment associated with the GSK Collaboration Agreement. For all collaboration agreements, no development or commercial milestones were included in the transaction price at inception, as all milestone amounts were fully constrained. As part of our evaluation of the constraint, we considered numerous factors, including that receipt of the milestones is outside our control and contingent upon success in future clinical trials and the licensee’s efforts. Any consideration related to sales-based milestones will be recognized when the related sales occur as they were determined to relate predominantly to the license granted to GSK and therefore have also been excluded from the transaction price. We are applying the royalty exception for sales-based royalties and will not recognize revenue until the subsequent sale of product occurs.

Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred for the development of our product candidates, which include:

We expense research and development costs as incurred. We recognize costs for certain development activities, such as preclinical studies and clinical trials, based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks using information provided to us by our vendors, such as patient enrollment or clinical site activations for services received and efforts expended.

Research and development activities are central to our business model. We expect research and development costs to increase significantly for the foreseeable future as our current development programs progress and new programs are added.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product development, we cannot determine with certainty the duration and completion costs of the current or future preclinical studies and clinical trials or if, when, or to what extent we will generate revenues from the commercialization and sale of any product candidates that receive regulatory approval. We may never succeed in achieving regulatory approval for our product candidates. The duration, costs and timing of preclinical studies and clinical trials and development of our product candidates will depend on a variety of factors, including, but not limited to:

A change in the outcome of any of these factors could mean a significant change in the costs and timing associated with the development of our current and future preclinical and clinical product candidates. For example, if the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authority were to require us to conduct clinical trials beyond those that we currently anticipate will be required for the completion of clinical development, or if we experience significant delays in execution of or enrollment in any of our preclinical studies or clinical trials, we could be required to expend significant additional financial resources and time on the completion of preclinical and clinical development.

The following table summarizes our principal product development programs, including allocated research and development expenses allocated to each clinical product candidate:

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of employee-related expenses, including salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation, for personnel in executive, finance, business development, facility operations and administrative functions. Other significant costs include facility costs not otherwise included in research and development expenses, legal fees relating to patent and corporate matters and fees for accounting, tax and consulting services.

We have agreements with granting agencies whereby we receive funding under grants that partially or fully reimburse us for eligible research and development expenditures. Certain grant agreements require us to repay the funding depending on whether we decide to pursue commercial development or out-licensing of any drug candidate that is produced from the research program. The repayment provision includes a portion that is fixed (corresponding to 30% of the grant), payable in annual installments, which is effective unless we decide not to pursue commercial development or out licensing of the drug candidate. The repayment provision also includes a potential obligation to pay a royalty that is contingent upon achieving sales of a product developed through the program. The maximum amount payable to the granting agency under each grant, including the fixed repayments, the royalty on revenue and the interest thereon, is twice the amount of funding received.

Our wholly owned subsidiary iTeos Belgium S.A., as a Belgian biotechnology company, qualifies for a cash-based tax credit on research and development expenses. The credit is calculated based on a percentage of eligible research and development expenses defined by the Belgian government for each fiscal year (20.5% for 2024 and 2023) and then

applying the effective tax rate to that result. The research and development tax credits are refundable to us if we are unable to use the credits to offset income taxes for the five subsequent tax years. We record a receivable and other income as the qualified expenses are incurred, as we are reasonably assured that the credit will be received, based upon our history of filing for the tax credits. Research and development tax credits receivable where we expect to receive refunds more than one year after the balance sheet date are classified as noncurrent in the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

Interest income consists of interest earned on our available-for-sale securities, money market funds, and bank sweep accounts.

Other income, net includes income and expenses that do not fall within other categories of the statement of operations and comprehensive loss. Items included are bank fees, investment expenses, and gain or loss on foreign currency transactions.

We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and Belgium. Belgium has a statutory tax rate different from the U.S. Accordingly, our effective tax rates will vary depending on the relative proportion of foreign to U.S. income, the utilization of foreign tax credits and changes in tax laws. Deferred tax assets are reduced through the establishment of a valuation allowance, if, based upon available evidence, it is determined that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, together with the dollar change in those items:

The Company did not recognize any license and collaboration revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2024 or 2023.

Research and development expenses increased by $6.1 million to $36.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, from $30.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. This increase was primarily related to an increase of $2.6 million in clinical expenses, a $2.1 million increase of payroll and related costs to support our continued growth as we advance our programs, a $0.8 million increase in stock-based compensation, and an increase of $0.6 million related to facilities and other R&D expenses.

General and administrative expenses decreased by $0.5 million to $12.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, from $12.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. This decrease was primarily related to a $0.3 million decrease in stock-based compensation and a $0.4 million decrease in commercial-related expenses, facilities, and other general and administrative expenses. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in payroll costs of $0.1 million and an increase in professional fees of $0.1 million.

Grant income remained flat for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. Eligible research and development spend under the two new grants issued to the Company by the Walloon Region in late 2022 was on pace with the three months ended in the prior year.

Interest income decreased by less than $0.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. Interest income remained flat as the decrease in interest rates in the current year period compared to the prior year was offset by an increase in the interest-earning assets in the current year compared to the prior year. The increase in investments and cash-equivalents was driven by RDO executed in the three months ended June 30, 2024.

The $3.9 million decrease in other (expense) income, net in the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023 is primarily due to an increase of foreign currency exchange losses recorded in the three months ended September 30, 2024. The U.S. Dollar had weakened relative to the Euro in the three months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023.

Our effective tax rate was (5.2)% for the three months ended September 30, 2024. This rate differed from the federal and foreign statutory rate of 21% and 25%, respectively, primarily due to income tax expense resulting from investment income generated by marketable investments held by iTeos LLC, which is not consolidated for U.S. income tax purposes. The Company incurred income tax expense, despite a loss before income taxes, due to taxable interest income generated by the subsidiary of iTeos Belgium which cannot be offset by the net operating losses of iTeos or iTeos Belgium. In addition, the Company recorded an additional liability of $1.1 million during the three months ended September 30, 2024 related to the accrual of additional interest expense on the unrecognized tax benefits liability, all of which was included in the unrecognized tax benefits liability in the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2024.

Our effective tax rate was 3.5% for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The rate differed from the federal and foreign statutory rates of 21% and 25%, respectively, in the three months ended September 30, 2023 primarily because no additional revenue recognized for tax purposes in 2023 under the GSK Collaboration Agreement, which resulted in a loss before income taxes. Income tax expense resulted from the investment income generated by marketable investments held by iTeos LLC, which is not consolidated for U.S. income tax purposes.

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, together with the dollar change in those items:

License and collaboration revenue increased by $22.4 million to $35.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to $12.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was due to the recognition of revenue relating to the milestone from GSK associated with the initiation of the GALAXIES-301 Phase 3 trial in the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The revenue recognized in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 related to the remainder of the revenue recognized in connection with the GSK upfront payment.

Research and development expenses increased by $22.4 million to $107.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, from $85.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. This increase was primarily related to a $9.3 million increase in clinical expenses, an increase of $4.5 million of payroll and related costs to support our continued growth as we advance our programs, a $2.2 million increase in stock-based compensation, an increase of $2.1 million related to facilities and other R&D expenses, and a $1.5 million increase in professional fees and expenses. There was also a $2.8 million increase in milestone expenses, driven by the $3.0 million milestone recorded in connection with the initiation of the GALAXIES-301 Phase 3 trial. The overall increase was primarily driven by increased program activity compared to the prior year, primarily in the belrestotug and non-clinical programs.

General and administrative expenses decreased by $0.8 million to $37.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, from $38.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. This decrease was primarily related a $0.2 million decrease in payroll and related costs, a $0.3 million decrease related to recruiting expenses, and a decrease in other general and administrative expenses of $1.3 million. The decreases were primarily driven by a decrease in expenses due to a reduction in commercial related activities compared to the prior year, and reduced costs for insurance compared to the prior year. The minor decreases in payroll and recruiting expenses were due to slightly higher attrition than an increase in hiring for G&A roles compared to the prior year. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in stock-based compensation of $0.8 million and an increase of $0.2 million of professional fees.

Grant income decreased by $0.1 million to $2.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, from $2.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The decrease was primarily driven by a decrease in eligible research and development spend under the two new grants issued to the Company by the Walloon Region in late 2022.

Interest income decreased by $0.7 million to $23.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, from $23.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 . The decrease in interest income was due to the overall decrease in the Company's interest-generating cash equivalents and available-for-sale securities through the first half of the nine months ended September 30, 2024, as well as a decrease in yields on marketable securities and cash equivalents compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. This decrease was partially offset by an increase in interest-generating cash equivalents upon the receipt of the proceeds from the RDO during the second quarter ended June 30, 2024, contributing to a higher interest-bearing base compared to the nine months ended in the prior year.

The $3.8 million decrease in other (expense) income, net in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023 is primarily due to an increase of foreign currency exchange losses recorded in the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The U.S. Dollar had weakened relative to the Euro in the nine months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Our effective tax rate was (8.0)% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. It differed from the federal and foreign statutory rates of 21% and 25%, respectively, primarily due to income tax expense resulting from investment income generated by marketable investments held by iTeos LLC, which is not consolidated for U.S. income tax purposes. The Company incurred income tax expense, despite a loss before income taxes, due to taxable interest income generated by a subsidiary of iTeos Belgium which cannot be offset by the net operating losses of iTeos or iTeos Belgium. In addition, the Company recorded an additional liability of $3.2 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, related to the accrual of additional interest expense on the unrecognized tax benefits liability, all of which was included in the unrecognized tax benefits liability in the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2024. The Company's uncertain tax position relates to the Company’s allocation of revenue between the U.S. and Belgium under the GSK Agreement. As the uncertain tax position relates to the Company’s allocation of that revenue between the U.S. and Belgium under the GSK Agreement, the additional recognition of revenue under that agreement may increase the liability for the uncertain tax position. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had accrued interest and penalties relating to uncertain tax positions of $7.1 million, all of which was included in unrecognized tax benefits liability in the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2024.

Our effective tax rate was (1.5)% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. It differed from the federal and foreign statutory rates of 21% and 25%, respectively, in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 primarily due to no additional revenue recognized for tax purposes in 2023 under the GSK Collaboration Agreement, which resulted in a loss before income taxes. Income tax expense resulted from the investment income generated by marketable investments held by iTeos LLC, which is not consolidated for U.S. income tax purposes.

In June 2021, the Company's wholly owned subsidiary, iTeos Belgium S.A., and GSK executed the GSK Collaboration Agreement, pursuant to which we agreed to grant GSK a license under certain of our intellectual property rights to develop, manufacture, and commercialize products comprised of or containing our antibody product, belrestotug. Under the GSK Collaboration Agreement, GSK made an upfront payment of $625.0 million on August 5, 2021.

To date, we have funded our operations primarily with proceeds from the IPO, the sales of preferred stock, grants and licenses and the upfront payment from the GSK Collaboration Agreement. As of September 30, 2024, we had $123.7 million in cash and cash equivalents and $525.2 million in available-for-sale securities. We have also recorded a milestone receivable in the amount of $35.0 million relating to the revenue recognized for the initiation of the GALAXIES-301 Phase 3 clinical trial. In addition, on May 10, 2023, we entered into a Sales Agreement (the "Sales Agreement") with Cowen and Company LLC ("Cowen") to offer and sell shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $125,000,000, from time to time, through an at-the-market offering program. To date we have not made any sales pursuant to the at-the-market offering program. Under the Sales Agreement, Cowen will be entitled to compensation up to 3.0% of the gross proceeds of any shares of common stock sold under the Sales Agreement. Furthermore, to date we have not generated any revenue from product sales and do not expect to generate revenue from the sales of products for the foreseeable future.

In the quarter ended June 30, 2024, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement ("SPA") with RA Capital and Boxer Capital, LLC ("Boxer Capital"), pursuant to which the Company agreed to sell to RA Capital a pre-funded warrant to purchase up to an aggregate of 5,714,285 shares of our common stock, and to Boxer Capital 1,142,857 shares of our

common stock (together, the "Securities"). The aggregate consideration for the pre-funded warrant sold to RA Capital was $100.0 million, or $17.499 per share of common stock underlying the pre-funded warrant, which, together with the exercise price per share of underlying common stock, was equal to $17.50 per share of common stock, and the aggregate consideration for the shares of common stock sold to Boxer Capital was $20.0 million, or $17.50 per share. In aggregate, the total proceeds from the sale of the Securities to the Investors is $120.0 million, partially offset by $0.4 million of costs incurred to execute the offering.

In addition, in the event that we receive revenue from products or services related to the intellectual property developed arising from our recoverable cash advance agreements with the Walloon Region, we must pay to the Walloon Region a 0.33% royalty on revenue related to the inupadenant grant and a 0.15% royalty on revenue on the belrestotug grant (increased from 0.12% effectively December 2021). The maximum amount payable to the Walloon Region under each grant, including the fixed annual repayments, the royalty on revenue, and the interest thereon, is twice the amount of grant received. The Company recorded a royalty accrual of $0.9 million as of September 30, 2024, due to the upfront payment received pursuant to the GSK Collaboration Agreement.

Under the GSK Collaboration Agreement and as part of the Global Development Plan, the Company and GSK agree to spend an aggregate amount of at least $900 million. GSK is responsible for 60% of the cost, while the Company is responsible for the remaining 40% of the cost related to the Global Development Plan. We have not included such potential expenditures, as the timing of the obligations are not known with certainty.

We enter into contracts in the normal course of business with CROs and clinical sites for the conduct of clinical trials, professional consultants for expert advice and other vendors for clinical supply manufacturing or other services. These contracts are not included in the table above as they provide for termination on notice, and therefore are cancelable contracts and do not include any minimum purchase commitments.

The following table provides information regarding our cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

Net cash used in operating activities was $103.7 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The cash usage was primarily due to the net loss of $90.7 million, a net change in operating assets and liabilities of $29.6 million, and investment accretion of $8.5 million. The net change in operating assets and liabilities was primarily driven by the $35.0 million change in the milestone receivable balance, partially offset by other net changes including a $10.6 million increase in accrued expenses and a $3.2 million increase in the unrecognized tax benefit. An increase of $1.2 million of prepaid expenses and other current assets, a $1.9 million increase in R&D tax credits receivable, and a $4.2 million decrease in accounts payable also contributed to the net change in operating activities. The net loss was partially offset by $22.9 million of non-cash stock-based compensation expense, $0.9 million of non-cash depreciation and amortization expense, and a $1.5 million unrealized foreign exchange loss. Net cash used in operating activities was $89.9 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, which was driven by a net loss of $82.1 million, a net change in operating assets and liabilities of $20.4 million, and investment accretion of $8.0 million. The net usage was partially offset by non-cash stock-based compensation expense of $19.8 million and $0.7 million of non-cash depreciation and amortization expense. The main drivers for the overall increase in operating cash outflows was the increase in GSK revenue from $12.6 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 to $35.0 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2024, partially offset by an increase of accrued expenses from $2.3 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 to $10.6 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The biggest increase in accrued expenses related to an increase in accrued clinical trial costs in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the prior year.

Net cash used in investing activities increased by $155.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was primarily due to the purchase of $440.6 million of fixed income securities in the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $193.5 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase in purchases was offset by $297.3 million of proceeds received upon the maturities of fixed income securities during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $206.3 million of proceeds received upon the maturities of fixed income securities during the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase of cash used in investing activities was also partially offset by the purchase of $1.5 million in property and equipment and other assets during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, as compared to $1.7 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The overall increase in purchases in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was driven by the reinvestment of the increased proceeds from maturities compared to the prior year, as well as the investment of a majority of the proceeds received from the RDO in May 2024.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $122.0 million and $0.8 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increase was due primarily to the issuance of common stock and a pre-funded warrant to Boxer Capital and RA Capital, respectively, as part of the RDO, for aggregate gross proceeds of $120.0 million. The increase was also in part due to the receipt of $2.4 million from the exercise of stock options in the nine months ended September 30, 2024. These increases were partially offset by $0.3 million paid for costs incurred for the RDO, and also $0.2 million paid to repay government grant obligations. The proceeds of $0.8 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was due entirely to proceeds from the exercise of stock options.

The $0.9 million and $2.5 million reductions of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, were primarily caused by the increase in the euro to dollar exchange rate during those periods. The decrease in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the prior year was due primarily to the reduction of returns of capital made to the Belgium entity from its subsidiary in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

We expect our expenses to increase in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we continue our clinical stage programs, belrestotug, inupadenant, and EOS-984, and move to larger randomized and registration-directed trials for our programs, initiate new research and preclinical development efforts, and seek marketing approval for any product candidates that we successfully develop. In addition, if we obtain marketing approval for any of our product candidates, we expect to incur significant commercialization expenses related to establishing sales, marketing, distribution and other commercial infrastructure to commercialize such products.

As of September 30, 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents of $123.7 million and available-for-sale securities of $525.2 million. The Company also had recorded $35.0 million for a milestone receivable relating to the recognition of the milestone revenue in connection with the initiation of the GALAXIES-301 Phase 3 trial. We believe our existing cash and cash equivalents and available-for-sale securities will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements through 2027.

We have based our projections of operating capital requirements on assumptions that may prove to be incorrect and we may use all of our available capital resources sooner than we expect. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with the development and commercialization of belrestotug and inupadenant, and the research, development and commercialization of other potential product candidates, we are unable to estimate the exact amount of our operating capital requirements. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:

Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our financial statements, which we have prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. We believe that several accounting policies are important to understanding our historical and future performance. We refer to these policies as critical because these specific areas generally require us to make judgments and estimates about matters that are uncertain at the time we make the estimate, and different estimates—which also would have been reasonable—could have been used. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments, including those described in greater detail below. We base our estimates on historical experience and other market-specific or other relevant assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

There have been no significant changes to our existing critical accounting policies discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. We believe the following accounting policies to be most critical to the judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements:

We generate revenue from our GSK Collaboration Agreement. We recognize revenue in accordance with ASC 606, which applies to all contracts with customers, except for contracts that are within the scope of other standards. Under ASC 606, we recognize revenue when our customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration which the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that we determine are within the scope of ASC 606, we perform the following five steps:

We only apply the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that the entity will collect the consideration we are entitled to in exchange for the goods or services we transfer to the customer. At contract inception, once the contract is determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, we assess the goods or services promised within each contract and determine those that are performance obligations, and assess whether each promised good or service is distinct. We then

recognize as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied. We do not include a financing component in our estimated transaction price at contract inception unless we estimate that certain performance obligations will not be satisfied within one year. Additionally, we recognize the incremental costs of obtaining a contract as an expense when incurred if the amortization period of the asset that we otherwise would have recognized is one year or less.

We must develop assumptions that require judgment to determine whether the individual promises should be accounted for as separate performance obligations or as a combined performance obligation, and to determine the stand-alone selling price for each performance obligation identified in the contract. Since the upfront license was bundled with other promises, we utilized judgment to assess the nature of the combined performance obligation and determined that the combined performance obligation is satisfied over time. Revenue is recognized using a percent complete method based on costs incurred compared with the total expected costs to be incurred (cost-to-cost measure of progress). There were no outputs from the performance obligation. As a result, an input method was appropriate. A cost-to-cost measure of progress provides a faithful depiction of the transfer of services to the customer since the predominant inputs to the performance obligation are labor costs, research and development supplies and manufacturing supplies related to the Phase 1 Study, clinical manufacturing and know-how transfer. In accordance with ASC 606, constrained variable consideration is recognized when it is probable that there will not be a significant reversal of the revenue when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. Revenue relating to constrained variable consideration will be recognized as a cumulative catch-up in the period in which the uncertainty is resolved if the performance obligation has already been fully satisfied.

We analyze our collaboration arrangements to assess whether such arrangements involve joint operating activities performed by parties that are both active participants in the activities and exposed to significant risks and rewards dependent on the commercial success of such activities and are, therefore, within the scope of ASC Topic 808, Collaborative Arrangements. This assessment is performed throughout the life of the arrangement and takes into consideration changes in the responsibilities of all parties to the arrangement. For collaboration arrangements that contain multiple elements, we first determine which elements of the collaboration are deemed to be within the scope of ASC 808. We also determine if there are any elements of the arrangement in which the third party meets the definition of a customer, and would therefore fall under the scope of ASC 606. The elements accounted for under ASC 808 may include reimbursements from and payments to parties due to the activities performed by either party. Any reimbursement from parties involved in a collaboration agreement are recorded as a reduction to research and development expense. Payments made to parties involved in a collaboration agreement are recorded as research and development expense. For the elements accounted for under ASC 606, we apply the five-step model described above.

As part of the process of preparing our financial statements, we are required to estimate our accrued research and development expenses. This process involves reviewing open contracts and purchase orders, communicating with our personnel to identify services that have been performed for us and estimating the level of service performed and the associated cost incurred for the service when we have not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of the actual cost. The majority of our service providers invoice us monthly in arrears for services performed or when contractual milestones are met. We make estimates of our accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date in our financial statements based on facts and circumstances known to us at that time, which we periodically confirm with the service providers and make adjustments if necessary. Examples of accrued research and development expenses include fees paid to:

The preceding estimates and judgments materially affect our recognition of revenue. Changes in our estimates of forecasted development costs could impact percentage complete and could have a material effect on revenue recorded in the period in which we determine that change occurs.

The fair value of stock options and Employee Stock Purchase Plan awards we grant is estimated using the Black Scholes option pricing model. This option pricing model based on certain subjective assumptions, including (i) the

expected stock price volatility, (ii) the expected term of the award, (iii) the risk-free rate of interest, and (iv) expected dividends. The fair value of our common stock utilized in the model is determined based on the quoted market price of our common stock. Expected volatility is estimated considering the Company's own historical volatility, as well as that of identified peer companies. Expected term is estimated using the simplified method per SAB 107. The risk-free rate is estimated using daily treasury curve rates. The Company does not issue dividends.

The fair value of restricted stock units we grant is based on the quoted market price of our common stock on the date of grant.

Government grant funding and potential repayment commitments under recoverable cash advance grants ("RCAs")

We have agreements with granting agencies whereby we receive funding under grants, which partially or fully reimburse us for eligible research and development expenditures. Certain grant agreements require us to repay the funding wherein the repayment provision of the grants is predicated on whether we decide to pursue commercial development or out licensing of the drug candidate that is produced from the results of the research program. The repayment provision includes a portion that is fixed (corresponding to 30% of the grant) which is effective after we decide to pursue commercial development or out licensing of the drug candidate. The repayment provision also includes a potential obligation to pay a royalty that is contingent upon achieving sales of a product developed through the program. The maximum amount payable to the granting agency under each grant, including the fixed repayments, the royalty on revenue, and the interest thereon, is twice the amount of funding received.

Grant funding for research and development received under grant agreements where there is a repayment provision is recognized as other income to the extent there is no present obligation to repay such funding. We record the present value of the liability as a grant repayable in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. The grant repayable is subsequently recorded at amortized cost.

We are subject to taxes in the U.S. and Belgium. Significant judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes, our deferred tax assets and liabilities and any valuation allowance recorded against our net deferred tax assets. We make these estimates and judgments about our future taxable income that are based on assumptions that are consistent with our future plans. Tax laws, regulations and administrative practices may be subject to change due to economic or political conditions including fundamental changes to the tax laws applicable to corporate multinationals. The U.S. and many countries in the European Union are actively considering changes in this regard. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had recorded a full valuation allowance on our net deferred tax assets because we expect that it is more likely than not that our deferred tax assets will not be realized. Should the actual amounts differ from our estimates, the amount of our valuation allowance could be materially impacted.

Furthermore, significant judgment is required in evaluating our tax positions. In the ordinary course of business, there are many transactions and calculations for which the ultimate tax settlement is uncertain. As a result, we recognize the effect of this uncertainty on our tax attributes or taxes payable based on our estimates of the eventual outcome. These effects are recognized when, despite our belief that our tax return positions are supportable, we believe that it is more likely than not that some of those positions may not be fully sustained upon review by tax authorities. We are required to file income tax returns in the U.S. and Belgium, which requires us to interpret the applicable tax laws and regulations in effect in such jurisdictions. Such returns are subject to audit by the various federal, state and foreign taxing authorities, who may disagree with respect to our tax positions. We believe that our consideration is adequate for all open audit years based on our assessment of many factors, including past experience and interpretations of tax law. We review and update our estimates in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the closing of a tax audit, the lapse of a statute of limitations or a change in estimate. To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters differs from our expectations, such differences may impact income tax expense in the period in which such determination is made. The eventual impact on our income tax expense depends in part on if we still have a valuation allowance recorded against our deferred tax assets in the period that such determination is made.

We are subject to the risk of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, specifically with respect to the euro. Our functional currency is the U.S. dollar and the functional currency of our wholly owned subsidiary, iTeos Belgium SA, is the euro. An immediate 5% change in the Euro exchange rate would not have any material effect on our results of operations.

We are exposed to market risk related to interest rate sensitivity, which is affected by changes in the general level of interest rates in the United States and Belgium. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents of $123.7 million and $251.2 million, respectively. We had available-for-sale fixed income securities of $525.2 million and $381.3 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. As of September 30, 2024, our cash and cash equivalents are held primarily in savings, money market accounts and money market funds. Our fixed income securities were held in U.S. treasury obligations, U.S. government agency obligations, and investment-grade corporate debt securities. The majority of the fixed income securities will mature within one and a half years from September 30, 2024. There are no securities that will mature in a period greater than two years from September 30, 2024. Because of the short-term nature of the instruments in our portfolio, an immediate 10% change in the interest rate would not have a material impact on the fair market value of our investment portfolio or on our financial position or results of operations.

Assets and liabilities of iTeos Belgium SA are translated into U.S. dollars at the exchange rate in effect on the balance sheet date. Income items and expenses are translated at the average exchange rate in effect during the period. Unrealized translation gains and losses are recorded as a cumulative translation adjustment, which is included in the condensed consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss. Adjustments that arise from exchange rate changes on transactions denominated in a currency other than the local currency are included in other income and expenses, net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss as incurred.

Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2024, the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Our management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving our objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2024, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended September 30, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

From time to time, we may be a party to litigation or subject to claims incident to the ordinary course of business. We are not currently a party to any material legal proceedings, and our management believes that there are currently no claims or actions pending against us, the ultimate disposition of which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.

The following risk factors and other information included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q should be carefully considered. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we presently deem less significant may also impair our business operations. Please see the Section titled “Forward-Looking Statements” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for a discussion of some of the forward-looking statements that are qualified by these risk factors. These factors could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and future growth prospects.

We must complete successful preclinical studies and clinical trials that demonstrate the safety and efficacy of our product candidates before we can begin the commercialization process.

We are focused on the development of belrestotug, inupadenant and EOS-984. A key part of our strategy, however, is to continue to pursue clinical development of additional product candidates designed to address the main causes of PD-1 or other standard-of-care resistance. Developing, obtaining marketing approval for, and commercializing product candidates requires substantial funding and remains subject to the risks of failure inherent at each stage of product development, including the occurrence of unexpected or unacceptable adverse events or the failure to demonstrate efficacy in clinical trials. Clinical development is expensive and can take many years to complete, and its outcome is inherently uncertain.

The results of preclinical studies, preliminary study results, and early clinical trials of our current product candidates and any future product candidates may not be predictive of the results of later-stage clinical trials. Even if early-stage clinical trials are successful, we may need to conduct additional clinical trials of our product candidates in additional patient populations or under different treatment conditions before we are able to seek approvals from the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities. Our product candidates may not perform as we expect, may ultimately have a different or no impact on tumors, may have a different mechanism of action than we expect, and may not ultimately prove to be safe and effective. We may modify development plans, including selecting different combinations or indications or discontinuing clinical activities, or determine to pursue development of different product candidates as we obtain additional clinical and nonclinical data.

Results from preclinical studies and early-stage trials, and trials in compounds that we believe are similar to ours, may not be representative of results that are found in larger, controlled, blinded, and longer-term studies and trials. Product candidates may fail at any stage of preclinical or clinical development. Product candidates may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy traits even if they have progressed through preclinical studies or initial clinical trials. Preclinical studies and clinical trials may also reveal unfavorable product candidate characteristics, including safety concerns. A number of companies in the biopharmaceutical industry have suffered significant setbacks in clinical trials, notwithstanding promising results in earlier preclinical studies or clinical trials or promising mechanisms of action. In some instances, significant variability in safety or efficacy results between different clinical trials of the same product candidate due to numerous factors, including changes in trial procedures set forth in protocols, differences in the size and type of the patient populations, changes in and adherence to the clinical trial protocols, and the rate of dropout among clinical trial participants. Moreover, flaws in the design of a clinical trial can negatively impact results. We may not discover such a flaw prior to advance stages of a clinical trial.

Additionally, our clinical trials to date (except for the recently initiated GALAXIES-301 trial) have been open-label trials, where both the patient and investigator know whether the patient is receiving the investigational product candidate or an existing approved drug, which may introduce study bias. Most typically, open-label clinical trials test only the investigational product candidate and sometimes do so at different dose levels. Open-label clinical trials are subject to various limitations that may exaggerate any therapeutic effect as patients in open-label clinical

trials are aware when they are receiving treatment. In addition, open-label clinical trials may be subject to an “investigator bias” where those assessing and reviewing the physiological outcomes of the clinical trials are aware of which patients have received treatment and may interpret the information of the treated group more favorably given this knowledge. Positive results observed in open-label trials may not be replicated in later placebo-controlled trials.

We may also experience events during, or as a result of, clinical trials that could delay and could prevent our ability to receive marketing approval or commercialize our product candidates, including:

Our development costs also will increase if we experience delays in testing or approvals, and we may not have sufficient funding to complete the testing and approval process. We will be required to obtain additional funds to complete clinical trials and prepare for possible commercialization. Significant delays relating to any preclinical or clinical trials also could shorten any periods during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize our current product candidates and any future product candidates or allow our competitors to bring products to market before we do and impair our ability to successfully commercialize our current product candidates and any future product candidates and may harm our business and results of operations. In addition, many of the factors that cause, or lead to, delays in clinical trials may ultimately lead to the denial of marketing approval of any of our current product candidates and any future product candidates. If any of these occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations, stock price and prospects may be materially harmed.

Challenges enrolling patients in our clinical trials may delay or prevent completion of clinical trials of our product candidates.

Identifying and qualifying patients to participate in clinical trials is critical to our success. The timing of completion of our clinical trials depends in part on the speed at which we can recruit patients to participate in our clinical trials. Initiating and continuing clinical trials requires locating, enrolling and retaining sufficient numbers of eligible patients to participate in these trials. Patient enrollment requires initiation of clinical trial sites; accordingly, delays in initiation of sites exacerbate enrollment challenges. Public health challenges may impact our ability to initiate clinical sites and recruit, enroll and retain patients and divert healthcare resources away from clinical trials.

In addition to the competitive trial environment, the eligibility criteria of our planned clinical trials limits the pool of available participants as we require that participants have specific, measurable characteristics to assure their cancer is severe enough but not too advanced for inclusion in a trial and exclude participants who have conditions that may increase the risk associated with participation in a trial. Additionally, the process of finding patients is costly. Delays in recruiting and conducting our clinical trials result when patients are unwilling to participate in our trials, which may delay our efforts to obtain regulatory approval of potential products.

Our clinical trials compete with other clinical trials for product candidates that treat the same indications or are in the same therapeutic areas, and this competition may reduce the number and types of eligible patients available to us because some patients who might have opted to enroll in our clinical trials may instead opt to enroll in a competitor's clinical trial. Furthermore, even if we are able to enroll a sufficient number of patients for our clinical trials, we may have difficulty maintaining participation of such patients in our clinical trials.

We anticipate that our product candidates will be used in combination with third-party drugs or biologics and we have limited or no control over the supply, regulatory status, or regulatory approval of such drugs or biologics.

Our product candidates have the potential to be administered or co-formulated in combination with checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapies or other standards of care like chemotherapies, targeted therapies or radiotherapy. For example, in collaboration with GSK, we are exploring the development of belrestotug with multiple combinations, including with dostarlimab. Our ability to develop and ultimately commercialize our product candidates used in combination with pembrolizumab or any other checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapies will depend on our ability to access such drugs or biologics on commercially reasonable terms for the clinical trials and their availability for use with the commercialized product, if approved. We cannot be certain that commercial relationships, including our collaborations with Merck and GSK, will provide us with a steady supply of such drugs or biologics on commercially reasonable terms or at all.

Failure to maintain or enter into new successful commercial relationships, or the expense of purchasing checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapies or other comparator therapies, may delay our development timelines, increase our costs and jeopardize our ability to develop our product candidates as commercially viable therapies. If any of these occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations, stock price and prospects may be materially harmed.

Moreover, the development of product candidates for use in combination with another product or product candidate may present challenges that are not faced for single agent product candidates. We are currently developing belrestotug, inupadenant and EOS-984 for use in combination with checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapies and with other therapies and may develop belrestotug, inupadenant, EOS-984 or any future product candidates for use with other therapies. The FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to use more complex clinical trial designs in order to evaluate the contribution of each product and product candidate to any observed effects. The results of such trials could show that any positive previous trial results are attributable to the combination therapy and not our product candidates. Moreover, following product approval, the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require that products used in conjunction with each other be cross labeled for combined use, which may require us to work with a third party to satisfy such a requirement. Additionally, developments related to the other product may impact our clinical trials for the combination as well as our commercial prospects should we receive marketing approval. Such developments may include changes to the other product’s safety or efficacy profile, changes to the availability of the approved product, quality, manufacturing and supply issues, and changes to the standard of care.

In the event that Merck, GSK or any other collaborator or supplier cannot continue to supply their products on commercially reasonable terms, we would need to identify alternatives for accessing such products. Additionally, should the supply of products from Merck, GSK or any other collaborator or supplier be interrupted, delayed or otherwise be unavailable to us, our clinical trials may be delayed. In the event we are unable to source an alternative supply, or are unable to do so on commercially reasonable terms, our business, financial condition, results of operations, stock price and prospects may be materially harmed.

We may expend our limited resources to pursue a particular product candidate or indication and fail to capitalize on product candidates or indications that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.

Because we have limited financial and managerial resources, we must focus on a limited number of research programs and product candidates and on specific indications. As a result, we may forego or delay pursuit of opportunities with other product candidates or for other indications that later prove to have greater commercial potential. Our resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail to capitalize on viable commercial products or profitable market opportunities. Our spending on current and future discovery and preclinical development programs and product candidates for specific indications may not yield any commercially viable products.

Interim “top-line” and preliminary results from our clinical trials that we announce or publish from time to time may change as more patient data become available and audit and verification procedures are required to validate the quality, reliability and integrity of our data and could result in material changes in the final data.

From time to time, we may publish interim top-line or preliminary results from our clinical trials. Interim results from clinical trials that we may complete are subject to the risk that one or more of the clinical outcomes may materially change as patient enrollment continues and more patient data become available. Preliminary or top-line results also remain subject to audit and verification procedures which are required to validate the quality, reliability and integrity of our data. These factors may result in the final data being materially different from the preliminary data we previously published. As a result, interim and preliminary data should be viewed with caution until the final data are available. Differences between preliminary or interim data and final data could significantly harm our business prospects and may cause the trading price of our common stock to fluctuate significantly.

We may not be able to file IND applications or IND amendments to commence additional clinical trials on the timelines we expect, and even if we are able to, the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority may not permit us to proceed.

The FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority may require us to file separate INDs for additional clinical trials we plan to conduct with our current product candidates, belrestotug, inupadenant and EOS-984. We may not be able to file any additional INDs on the timelines we expect. For example, we may experience manufacturing delays or other delays with IND-enabling studies, including due to the impact of public health challenges on suppliers, study sites, or third-party contractors and vendors on whom we depend. Moreover, we cannot be sure that submission of an IND or submission of a trial to an IND will result in the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities allowing further clinical trials to begin, or that, once begun, issues will not arise that lead us to suspend or terminate clinical trials. Additionally, even if regulatory authorities agree with the design and implementation of the clinical trials set forth in an IND, such regulatory authorities may change their requirements in the future. The FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require the analysis of data from trials assessing different doses of the product candidate alone or in combination with other therapies to justify the selected dose prior to the initiation of large trials in a specific indication. Any delays or failure to file INDs, initiate clinical trials, or obtain regulatory approvals for our trials may prevent us from completing our clinical trials or commercializing our products on a timely basis, if at all. We are subject to similar risks related to the review and authorization of our protocols and amendments by comparable foreign regulatory authorities.

We are conducting clinical trials for product candidates outside the United States, and the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities may not accept data from such trials.

We are conducting and in the future may conduct one or more clinical trials outside the United States, including in Europe and in Asia. The acceptance of data from clinical trials conducted outside the United States or another jurisdiction by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authority may be subject to certain conditions or may not be accepted at all. In cases where data from foreign clinical trials are intended to serve as the basis for marketing approval in the United States, the FDA will generally not approve the application on the basis of foreign data alone unless (i) the data are applicable to the United States population and medical practice; and (ii) the trials were performed by clinical investigators of recognized competence and pursuant to good clinical practice, or GCP, regulations. In general, the patient population for any clinical trials conducted outside the United States must be representative of the population for whom we intend to label the product candidate in the United States. Additionally, the FDA’s clinical trial requirements, including applicable study design, sufficient size of patient populations and statistical powering, must be met. Many foreign regulatory authorities have similar approval requirements. In addition, foreign trials are subject to the applicable local laws of the foreign jurisdictions where the trials are conducted. There can be no assurance that the FDA or any comparable foreign regulatory authority will accept data from trials conducted outside of the United States or the applicable jurisdiction. If the FDA or any comparable foreign regulatory authority does not accept such data, additional trials would be needed, which could be costly and time-consuming, and which may result in our product candidates not receiving approval for commercialization in the applicable jurisdiction.

As an organization, we have never conducted pivotal clinical trials, and we may be unable to do so for any product candidates we may develop.

We will need to successfully complete pivotal clinical trials in order to obtain the approval of the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities to market belrestotug, inupadenant, EOS-984 or any future product candidate. Carrying out pivotal clinical trials is a complicated process. As an organization, we have not previously conducted any later stage or pivotal clinical trials. In order to do so, we will need to continue to expand our clinical development and regulatory capabilities, and we may be unable to recruit and train qualified personnel. We also expect to continue to rely on third parties to conduct our pivotal clinical trials. Consequently, we may be unable to successfully and efficiently execute and complete necessary clinical trials in a way that leads to BLA or NDA submission and approval of belrestotug, inupadenant, EOS-984 or future product candidates. We may require more time and incur greater costs than our competitors and may not succeed in obtaining regulatory approvals of product candidates that we develop. Failure to commence or complete, or delays in, our planned clinical trials, could prevent us from or delay us in commercializing our product candidates.

We face significant competition from other biopharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, academic institutions, government agencies, and other research organizations, which may result in others discovering, developing or commercializing products more quickly or marketing them more successfully than us. If their product candidates are shown to be safer or more effective than ours, our commercial opportunity may be reduced or eliminated.

The development and commercialization of cancer immunotherapy products is characterized by rapidly advancing technologies, intense competition and a strong emphasis on proprietary rights. We face competition with respect to our product candidates, from major biopharmaceutical companies, specialty biopharmaceutical companies, and biotechnology companies worldwide. A number of large biopharmaceutical and biotechnology companies currently market and sell products, or are pursuing the development of products, for the treatment of solid and liquid tumors. Potential competitors also include academic institutions, government agencies, and other public and private research organizations that conduct research, seek patent protection, and establish collaborative arrangements for research, development, manufacturing, and commercialization.

While our product candidates are intended to be used in combination with other drugs or biologics with different mechanisms of action, if and when marketed they will compete with a number of drugs and biologics that are currently marketed or in development.

Our commercial opportunities could be reduced or eliminated if our competitors develop and commercialize products that are safer, more effective, have fewer or less severe side effects, are easier to administer, or are less expensive alone or in combination with other therapies than products we may develop alone or in combination with other therapies. Our competitors also may obtain FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities’ approval for their products more rapidly than we do, which could result in our competitors establishing a strong market position before we are able to enter the market. In addition, our ability to compete may be affected by insurers, government, or other third-party payor coverage decisions.

Many of our competitors have significantly greater financial resources and expertise in research and development, manufacturing, preclinical testing, conducting clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approvals, and marketing approved products. Mergers and acquisitions in the biopharmaceutical and biotechnology industries may result in even more resources being concentrated among a smaller number of our competitors. Early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. These third parties compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel and establishing clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials, as well as in developing or acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs. If we are unable to successfully compete with these companies our business, financial condition, results of operations, stock price and prospects may be materially harmed.

The size of the potential market for our product candidates is difficult to estimate and, if our assumptions are inaccurate, the actual market for our product candidates may be smaller than our estimates.

The potential market opportunities for our product candidates are difficult to estimate and depend on the drugs with which our product candidates are co-administered or co-formulated and the success of competing therapies and therapeutic approaches. Our estimates of potential market opportunities are predicated on many assumptions that involve the exercise of significant judgment on the part of our management, are inherently uncertain, and their reasonableness has not been assessed by an independent source. New information may change the estimated incidence or prevalence of indications, and regulatory approvals, if received, may include limitations for use or contraindications that decrease the addressable patient population. If any of the assumptions proves to be inaccurate, the actual markets for our current product candidates and any future product candidates could be smaller than our estimates of the potential market opportunities.

Negative developments in the field of immuno-oncology or in the field of TIGIT or adenosine pathway therapeutics could damage public perception of our product candidates or negatively affect our business.

The commercial success of our product candidates will depend in part on public acceptance of the use of cancer immunotherapies and our mechanisms of action and developments in TIGIT or adenosine pathway programs of other companies. Adverse events or disappointing results in clinical trials of our product candidates, or in clinical trials of similar products, as well as any other negative developments in the field of immuno-oncology, including in connection with competitor therapies, could reduce expectations regarding the potential success of our programs and potentially have a negative impact on collaborations. These events also could result in the suspension, discontinuation, or clinical hold of or modification to our clinical trials. If public perception is influenced by claims that the use of cancer immunotherapies is unsafe or ineffective, whether related to our therapies or those of our competitors, our product candidates may not be accepted by the general public or the medical community and potential clinical trial subjects may be discouraged from enrolling in our clinical trials or may discontinue their participation in our clinical trials. Negative developments could result in reduced probability of success of clinical trials involving our product candidates, challenges enrolling clinical trials, greater governmental regulation, stricter labeling requirements, and potential regulatory delays in the testing or approvals of our product candidates.

If we are unable to successfully commercialize any product candidate for which we receive regulatory approval, or experience significant delays in doing so, our business will be materially harmed.

If we are successful in obtaining marketing approval from applicable regulatory authorities for our current or future product candidates, our ability to generate revenues from our product candidates will depend on our success in:

To the extent we are not able to do any of the foregoing, our business, financial condition, results of operations, stock price and prospects will be materially harmed.

Even if our development efforts are successful, we may not obtain regulatory approval for any product candidates in the United States or other jurisdictions, which would prevent us from commercializing our product candidates. Even if we obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates, any such approval may be subject to limitations, including with respect to the approved indications or patient populations, which may impair our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates.

We are not permitted to market, promote, or sell our product candidates before we receive regulatory approval from the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities, and we may never receive such regulatory approval. Securing marketing approval requires the submission of extensive preclinical and clinical data and supporting

information for each therapeutic indication. Securing marketing approval also requires the submission of information about the product manufacturing process to, and inspection of manufacturing facilities by, the regulatory authorities. Even if our product candidates are approved, they may:

We have not previously submitted a BLA or NDA to the FDA, or a similar marketing application to comparable foreign regulatory authorities, for any product candidate, and we may not ultimately be successful in obtaining regulatory approval for claims that are necessary or desirable for successful marketing, or at all.

The regulatory approval processes of the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities are lengthy, time consuming, and inherently unpredictable. If we experience delays in obtaining required regulatory approvals, our ability to generate revenue may be materially impaired.

The time required to obtain approval by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities is unpredictable but typically takes many years following the commencement of clinical trials and depends upon numerous factors, including the discretion of regulatory authorities. Regulatory authorities have substantial discretion in the approval process and may refuse to accept any application or may decide that our data are insufficient for approval and require additional preclinical, clinical or other studies. In addition, approval policies, regulations, or the type and amount of clinical data necessary to gain approval may change and may vary among jurisdictions. These regulatory requirements may require us to amend our clinical trial protocols, conduct additional preclinical studies or clinical trials that may require regulatory or IRB approval, or otherwise cause delays in the approval or rejection of an application. Any delay in obtaining or failure to obtain required approvals could materially adversely affect our ability to generate revenue from the particular product candidate, which may materially harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, stock price and prospects.

The FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority may determine that our product candidates have serious adverse events or undesirable side effects that delay or prevent their regulatory approval or commercialization.

Serious adverse events or undesirable side effects caused by our product candidates could cause us, IRBs, and other reviewing entities or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay, or halt clinical trials and could result in enrollment challenges, discontinuation of trials, a more restrictive label, or delay or denial of marketing approval. We have identified in the past and may in the future identify serious adverse events suspected to be related to our product candidates. If concerns are raised regarding undesirable side effects or serious adverse events identified during clinical or preclinical testing, including any dose-limiting toxicities, the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authority may request additional data or information or order us to pause or cease further development, e.g., by issuing a clinical hold on ongoing or planned clinical trials, declining to approve the product candidate, or issuing a letter requesting additional data or information prior to making a final decision regarding whether or not to approve the product candidate. The FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities, or IRBs and other reviewing entities, may also require, or we may voluntarily develop, strategies for managing adverse events during clinical development, which could include restrictions on our enrollment criteria, the use of stopping criteria, adjustments to a study’s design, reconsent of enrolled patients, or the monitoring of safety data by a data monitoring committee, among other strategies. Requests for additional data or information from the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority also could result in substantial delays in the approval of our product candidates. Additionally, we may evaluate our product candidates in combination with one another, and safety concerns arising during a combination trial could negatively affect the individual development program of each candidate, as the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to discontinue single-candidate trials until the contribution of each product candidate to any safety issues is better understood.

Further, clinical trials by their nature utilize a sample of the potential patient population. With a limited number of patients and limited duration of exposure, rare and severe side effects of a drug or biologic candidate may only be uncovered when a significantly larger number of patients are exposed to the drug or biologic candidate or when patients are exposed for a longer period of time.

Later discovered undesirable side effects may further result in the imposition of a REMS, label revisions, post-approval study requirements, or other testing, and surveillance.

If our product candidates are associated with serious adverse events or undesirable side effects or have properties that are unexpected, we may need to abandon development or limit development of that product candidate to certain uses or subpopulations in which the undesirable side effects or other characteristics are less prevalent, less severe or more acceptable from a risk-benefit perspective. The therapeutic-related side effects could affect patient recruitment or the ability of enrolled patients to complete the trial or result in potential product liability claims. Any of these occurrences may materially harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, stock price and prospects.

Regulatory approval by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities is limited to specific indications and conditions, and we may be subject to substantial fines, criminal penalties, injunctions, or other enforcement actions if we are determined to be promoting the use of our products for unapproved or “off-label” uses, or in a manner inconsistent with the approved labeling, resulting in damage to our reputation and business.

We must comply with requirements concerning advertising and promotion for any product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval. Promotional communications with respect to therapeutics are subject to a variety of legal and regulatory restrictions and continuing review by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities. When the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities issue regulatory approval for a product candidate, the regulatory approval is limited to those specific uses and indications for which a product is approved. If we are not able to obtain FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authority approval for desired uses or indications for our product candidates, we may not market or promote them for those indications and uses, referred to as off-label uses, and our business, financial condition, results of operations, stock price, prospects and reputation may be materially harmed. We also must sufficiently substantiate any claims that we make for our products, including claims comparing our products to other companies’ products, and must abide by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authority’s strict requirements regarding the content of promotion and advertising.

While physicians may choose to prescribe products for uses that are not described in the product’s labeling, we and any third parties engaged on our behalf are prohibited from marketing and promoting the products for indications and uses that are not specifically approved by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities. If we market our medicines for off-label use, we may be subject to enforcement action for off-label marketing by the FDA and other federal and state enforcement agencies, including the Department of Justice. A company that is found to have promoted off-label uses may be subject to significant liability, including civil and administrative remedies as well as criminal sanctions. Even if it is later determined that we were not in violation of these laws, we may be faced with negative publicity, incur significant expenses defending our actions and have to divert significant management resources from other matters.

Even if our current product candidates and any future product candidates receive regulatory approval, we will be subject to ongoing obligations and continued regulatory review, which may result in significant additional expense and limit how we manufacture and market our products.

Any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval will be subject to extensive and ongoing requirements of and review by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities, including requirements related to the manufacturing processes, post-approval clinical data, labeling, packaging, distribution, adverse event reporting, storage, recordkeeping, applicable tracking and tracing requirements, export, import, advertising, marketing, and promotional activities. These requirements further include submissions of safety and other post-marketing information, including manufacturing deviations and reports, registration and listing requirements, the payment of annual fees, continued compliance with the FDA's cGMP, requirements relating to manufacturing, quality control, quality assurance, and corresponding maintenance of records and documents, and GCPs for any clinical trials that we conduct post-approval.

We and any of our suppliers or collaborators, including our CMOs, would be subject to periodic inspections by the FDA to monitor and ensure compliance with cGMPs and other FDA regulatory requirements. Application holders must further notify the FDA, and depending on the nature of the change, obtain FDA pre-approval for product and manufacturing changes.

In addition, later discovery of previously unknown adverse events or that the product is less effective than previously thought or other problems with our products, manufacturers, or manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements either before or after approval, may yield various negative results, including:

We may seek orphan drug status for our product candidates, but we may be unable to obtain such designations or to maintain the benefits associated with orphan drug status, including market exclusivity, which may cause our revenue, if any, to be reduced.

We may seek orphan drug designation for some or all of our product candidates in orphan indications in which there is a medically plausible basis for the use of these products. Even if we obtain orphan drug designation, exclusive marketing rights in the United States may be limited if we seek approval for an indication broader than the orphan designated indication and may be lost if the FDA later determines that the request for designation was materially defective or if the manufacturer is unable to assure sufficient quantities of the product to meet the needs of patients with the rare disease or condition. In addition, the FDA has expressed concerns regarding the regulatory considerations for orphan drug designation as applied to tissue agnostic therapies, and the FDA may interpret the federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, as amended, or the FD&C Act, and regulations promulgated thereunder in a way that limits or blocks our ability to obtain orphan drug designation or orphan drug exclusivity, if our current product candidates and any future product candidates are approved, for our targeted indications.

The FDA may reevaluate the Orphan Drug Act and its regulations and policies. We do not know if, when, or how the FDA may change the orphan drug regulations and policies in the future, and it is uncertain how any changes might affect our business. Depending on what changes the FDA may make to its orphan drug regulations and policies, our business could be adversely impacted.

We may pursue Fast Track or Breakthrough Therapy designation by FDA. These designations may not actually lead to a faster development or regulatory review or approval process, and they do not assure FDA approval of any product candidates we may develop.

FDA’s Fast Track and Breakthrough Therapy designations programs are intended to expedite the development of certain qualifying products intended for the treatment of serious diseases and conditions. While we may seek Fast Track or Breakthrough Therapy designation, there is no guarantee that we will be successful in obtaining any such designation. Even if we do obtain such designation, we may not experience a faster development process, review, or approval compared to conventional FDA procedures. Fast Track or Breakthrough Designation alone do not guarantee qualification for the FDA’s priority review procedures. A Fast Track or Breakthrough Therapy designation does not ensure that the product candidate will receive marketing approval or that approval will be granted within any particular timeframe. In addition, the FDA may withdraw Fast Track or Breakthrough Therapy designation if it believes that the designation is no longer supported by data from our clinical development program.

If we are unable to successfully validate, develop, and obtain regulatory approval for companion diagnostic tests for our product candidates that require or would commercially benefit from such tests, or experience significant delays in doing so, we may not realize the full commercial potential of these product candidates.

In connection with the clinical development of our product candidates for certain indications, we may engage third parties to develop or obtain access to in vitro companion diagnostic tests to identify patient subsets within a disease category who may derive selective and meaningful benefit from our product candidates. Such companion diagnostics would be used during our clinical trials as well as in connection with the commercialization of our product candidates. To be successful, we or our collaborators will need to address a number of scientific, technical, regulatory, and logistical challenges. The FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities regulate in vitro companion diagnostics as medical devices and, under that regulatory framework, likely will require the conduct of clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of any diagnostics we or our collaborators may develop, which we expect will require separate regulatory clearance or approval prior to commercialization.

Even if data from preclinical studies and early clinical trials appear to support development of a companion diagnostic for a product candidate, data generated in later clinical trials may fail to support the analytical and clinical validation of the companion diagnostic. We and our future collaborators may encounter difficulties in developing, obtaining regulatory approval for, manufacturing and commercializing companion diagnostics similar to those we face with respect to our therapeutic candidates themselves, including issues with achieving regulatory clearance or approval, production of sufficient quantities at commercial scale and with appropriate quality standards, and in gaining market acceptance. If we are unable to successfully develop companion diagnostics for these therapeutic product candidates, or experience delays in doing so, the development of these therapeutic product candidates may be adversely affected, these therapeutic product candidates may not obtain marketing approval, and we may not realize the full commercial potential of any of these therapeutics that obtain marketing approval. As a result, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially harmed.

Even if we are able to commercialize any product candidates, such drugs and biologics may become subject to unfavorable pricing regulations or third-party coverage and reimbursement policies, which would harm our business.

The regulations that govern regulatory approvals, pricing and reimbursement for new drugs and biologics vary widely from country to country. Some countries require approval of the sale price of a drug or biologic before it can be marketed. In many countries, the pricing review period begins after marketing approval is granted. In some foreign markets, prescription pharmaceutical pricing remains subject to continuing governmental control even after initial approval is granted. As a result, we might obtain marketing approval for a product candidate in a particular country, but then be subject to price regulations that delay our commercial launch of the product candidate, possibly for lengthy time periods, and negatively impact the revenues we are able to generate from the sale of the product candidate in that country. Adverse pricing limitations may hinder our ability to recoup our investment in one or more of our product candidates, even if our product candidates obtain marketing approval.

In the United States, the availability and adequacy of coverage and reimbursement by third-party payors, including governmental healthcare programs such as Medicare and Medicaid, as well as private health insurance, will likely be essential for most patients to be able to afford our product candidates, assuming regulatory approval. There is significant uncertainty related to third party payor coverage and reimbursement of newly-approved products. No uniform policy for coverage and reimbursement for products exists among third-party payors. Coverage and reimbursement for products can differ significantly from payor to payor and coverage and reimbursement by one payor does not guarantee coverage and reimbursement by another payor. Third-party payors increasingly are limiting coverage and utilization of pharmaceutical products and challenging prices charged for pharmaceutical products and services. Assuming we obtain coverage for a product by a third-party payor, the third-party payor may implement utilization management controls, such as requiring pre-approval

before our product will be covered for a particular patient, which may limit access to our product. In addition, the reimbursement rates may not be adequate or may require co-payments that patients find unacceptably high. Net prices for our products may be reduced by mandatory discounts or rebates that we are required to provide to certain government healthcare programs or private payors or by discounts we negotiate with third party payors. If coverage is limited, access to our products is subject to utilization management controls or reimbursement is inadequate, we may not be able to successfully commercialize our product candidates, and may not be able to obtain a satisfactory financial return on our product candidates.

Healthcare reform measures may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

The United States and many foreign jurisdictions have enacted or proposed legislative and regulatory changes affecting the healthcare system that could prevent or delay marketing approval of our product candidates, restrict or regulate post-approval activities, and affect our ability to profitably sell a product for which we obtain marketing approval. Changes in regulations, statutes or the interpretation of existing regulations could impact our business in the future by requiring, for example: (i) changes to our manufacturing arrangements; (ii) additions or modifications to product labeling; (iii) the recall or discontinuation of our products; or (iv) additional record-keeping requirements. If any such changes were to be imposed, they could adversely affect the operation of our business.

In the United States, numerous legislative and regulatory initiatives seek to contain healthcare costs. We expect that federal and state healthcare reform measures will limit the amounts that federal and state governments will pay for healthcare products and services, which could result in reduced demand for our product candidates or additional pricing pressures. See "Government Regulation - Healthcare Reform" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Limitations in coverage or reduction in reimbursement from Medicare or other government programs may result in similar actions from private payors, which may adversely affect our future profitability.

Our relationships with healthcare providers, customers, and third-party payors will be subject to applicable fraud and abuse, privacy and price reporting and payment and other healthcare laws and regulations, which could expose us to significant administrative, civil, and criminal penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, imprisonment, exclusion from government healthcare programs, contractual damages, reputational harm, and diminished profits and future earnings.

Our arrangements with healthcare providers, third-party payors, customers, and others may expose us to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations that constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we research, market, sell, and distribute our product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval. Restrictions under applicable federal and state healthcare laws and regulations, include the following:

Ensuring that our future business arrangements with third parties comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations could involve substantial costs. We have entered into certain advisory board and consulting agreements with physicians, including some who are compensated in the form of stock or stock options, who may influence the ordering or use of our product candidates, if approved. Given the breadth of the laws and regulations, limited guidance for certain laws and regulations and evolving government interpretations of the laws and regulations, governmental authorities may possibly conclude that our business practices may not comply with such laws and regulations. If our operations were to be found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, individual imprisonment, exclusion from government funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, integrity oversight and reporting obligations, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. Even if we successfully defend against an action against us for violation of law, the action and our defense could nonetheless cause us to incur significant legal expenses; divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business and otherwise impair our reputation and business.

Failure to comply with environmental, health, and safety laws and regulations, may subject us to fines or penalties, or costs that could have a material adverse effect on the success of our business.

We are subject to numerous environmental, health, and safety laws and regulations, including those governing laboratory procedures and the handling, use, storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes. Our operations involve the use of hazardous and flammable materials, including chemicals and biological and radioactive materials. Our operations also produce hazardous waste products. We generally contract with third parties for the disposal of these materials and wastes. We cannot eliminate the risk of contamination or injury from these materials. In the event of contamination or injury resulting from our use of hazardous materials, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could exceed our resources. We also could incur significant costs associated with civil or criminal fines and penalties.

Although we maintain workers’ compensation insurance to cover us for costs and expenses we may incur due to injuries to our employees resulting from the use of hazardous materials, this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities. We do not maintain insurance for environmental liability or toxic tort claims that may be asserted against us in connection with our storage or disposal of biological, hazardous or radioactive materials.

Our business activities are subject to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or FCPA, and similar anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws.

Expanding our business activities outside of the United States, including our clinical trial efforts, subjects us to the FCPA and similar anti-bribery or anti-corruption laws, regulations, or rules of other countries. The FCPA generally prohibits offering, promising, giving, or authorizing others to give anything of value, either directly or indirectly, to a non-United States government official in order to influence official action, or otherwise obtain or retain business. The FCPA also requires public companies to make and keep books and records that accurately and fairly reflect the transactions of the corporation and to devise and maintain an adequate system of internal accounting controls. Our business is heavily regulated and therefore involves significant interaction with public officials, including officials of non-United States governments. Additionally, in many other countries, the healthcare providers who prescribe pharmaceuticals are employed by their government, and the purchasers of pharmaceuticals are government entities; therefore, our dealings with these prescribers and purchasers will be subject to regulation under the FCPA. Failure by our employees, agents, suppliers, manufacturers, contractors, or collaborators, or those of our affiliates, to comply with applicable laws and regulations, particularly given the high level of complexity of these laws, could result in fines, criminal sanctions against us, our officers, or our employees, the closing down of facilities, including those of our suppliers and manufacturers, requirements to obtain export licenses, cessation of business activities in sanctioned countries, implementation of compliance programs, and prohibitions on the conduct of our business. Any such violations could include prohibitions on our ability to offer our products in one or more countries as well as difficulties in manufacturing or continuing to develop our products, and could materially damage our reputation, our brand, our international expansion efforts, our ability to attract and retain employees, and our business, prospects, operating results, and financial condition.

We rely on third parties to conduct our clinical trials and perform some of our research and preclinical studies. Failure by these third parties to satisfactorily carry out their contractual duties in compliance with the applicable regulatory requirements or to meet expected deadlines may delay and increase the costs of our development programs, adversely impacting our business and prospects.

We do not have the ability to conduct all aspects of our preclinical testing or clinical trials ourselves. As a result, we are, and expect to remain, dependent on third parties to conduct our ongoing preclinical and clinical trials and any future preclinical and clinical trials of our product candidates. The timing of the initiation and completion of these trials, therefore, is partially controlled by such third parties and may result in delays to our development programs. Specifically, we expect CROs, clinical investigators, and consultants to play a significant role in the conduct of these trials and the subsequent collection and analysis of data. We are not able to control all aspects of their activities. Nevertheless, we are responsible for ensuring that each of our trials is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol and legal, regulatory and scientific standards, and our reliance on the CROs and other third parties does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities. We and our CROs are required to comply with GCP requirements, which are regulations and guidelines enforced by the FDA, the Competent Authorities of the Member States of the European Economic Area, and comparable foreign regulatory authorities for all of our product candidates in clinical development. Regulatory authorities enforce these GCP requirements through periodic inspections of trial sponsors, clinical trial investigators and clinical trial sites. If we or any of our CROs or clinical trial sites fail to comply with applicable GCP requirements, the data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable, and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving our marketing applications. In addition, our clinical trials must be conducted with product produced under cGMP regulations. Our failure to comply with these regulations may require us to stop and/or repeat clinical trials, which would delay or prevent marketing.

CROs, clinical trial investigators or other third parties on which we rely may fail to devote adequate time and resources to our development activities or perform as contractually required. The performance of our CROs may also be interrupted by public health challenges, including due to prioritization of resources toward such challenges or high turnover rates. If any of these third parties fail to meet expected deadlines, adhere to our clinical protocols or meet regulatory requirements, otherwise performs in a substandard manner, or terminates its engagement with us, the timelines for our development programs may be extended or delayed or our development activities may be suspended or terminated. If any of our clinical trial sites terminates for any reason, we may experience the loss of follow-up information on subjects enrolled in such clinical trials unless we are able to transfer those subjects to another qualified clinical trial site, which may be difficult or impossible. In addition, clinical trial investigators for our clinical trials may serve as scientific advisors or consultants to us from time to time and may receive cash or equity compensation in connection with such services. If these relationships and any related compensation result

in perceived or actual conflicts of interest, or the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities concludes that the financial relationship may have affected the interpretation of the trial, the integrity of the data generated at the applicable clinical trial site may be questioned and the utility of the clinical trial itself may be jeopardized, which could result in the delay or rejection of any marketing application we submit by the FDA or any comparable foreign regulatory authority. Any such delay or rejection could prevent us from commercializing our product candidates.

Furthermore, these third parties may also have relationships with other entities, some of which may be our competitors. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, meet expected deadlines or conduct our clinical trials in accordance with regulatory requirements or our stated protocols, we will not be able to obtain, or may be delayed in obtaining, marketing approvals for our current product candidates or any future product candidates and will not be able to, or may be delayed in our efforts to, successfully commercialize our products.

If our relationships with these third-party CROs or others terminate, we may not be able to enter into arrangements with alternative CROs or other third parties or to do so on commercially reasonable terms.

Switching or adding additional CROs involves additional cost and requires management time and focus. In addition, there is a natural transition period when a new CRO begins work. As a result, delays may occur, which can materially impact our ability to meet our desired development timelines. Though we endeavor to carefully manage our relationships with our CROs and other third parties, there can be no assurance that we will not encounter similar challenges or delays in the future or that these delays or challenges will not have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and prospects.

We may not realize the benefits of our collaborations, alliances or licensing arrangements, including our collaboration with GSK for the global development of belrestotug.

We may form or seek strategic alliances, create joint ventures or collaborations, or enter into licensing arrangements with third parties that we believe will complement or augment our development and commercialization efforts with respect to our product candidates.

Currently we are party to the GSK Collaboration Agreement, pursuant to which we share with GSK responsibility and costs for the global development of belrestotug. Under the GSK Collaboration Agreement, in the United States we and GSK will jointly commercialize and equally split profits while outside of the United States GSK will receive an exclusive license for commercialization. We are also eligible to receive tiered double digit royalty payments up to 20% during a customary royalty term. Our collaboration with GSK is not without risks, which include the following:

The occurrence of any of the risks detailed above may materially adversely affect our business and our results of operations. Future collaborations will likely be subject to similar risks as outlined above. In addition, we face

significant competition in seeking appropriate strategic partners and the negotiation process is time-consuming and complex.

We may not realize the benefits of collaborations related to companion diagnostic tests for our therapeutic product candidates.

We intend to rely on third parties for the design, development and manufacture of companion diagnostic tests for our therapeutic product candidates that may require such tests. If we enter into collaborative agreements, we will be dependent on the sustained cooperation and effort of our future collaborators in developing and obtaining approval for these companion diagnostics. It may be necessary to resolve issues such as selectivity/specificity, analytical validation, reproducibility, or clinical validation of companion diagnostics during the development and regulatory approval processes. A diagnostic company with whom we contract may decide to discontinue selling or manufacturing the companion diagnostic test that we anticipate using in connection with development and commercialization of our product candidates or our relationship with such diagnostic company may otherwise terminate. We may not be able to enter into arrangements with another diagnostic company to obtain supplies of an alternative diagnostic test for use in connection with the development and commercialization of our product candidates or do so on commercially reasonable terms, which could adversely affect and/or delay the development or commercialization of our therapeutic candidates.

We rely on third parties to manufacture our product candidates, and we expect to continue to rely on third parties for the clinical as well as any future commercial supply of our product candidates. The development of our product candidates, and the commercialization of any approved products, could be stopped, delayed or made less profitable if any such third party fails to provide us with sufficient clinical or commercial quantities of such product candidates or products, fails to do so at acceptable quality levels or prices, or fails to achieve or maintain satisfactory regulatory compliance.

We do not currently have, and we do not plan to build, the infrastructure or capability internally to manufacture product candidates for use in the conduct of our clinical trials or, if approved, for commercial supply. We rely on, and expect to continue to rely on, contract manufacturing organizations, or CMOs. Reliance on third-party providers may expose us to more risk than if we were to manufacture our product candidates ourselves. We do not control the manufacturing processes of the CMOs we contract with and are dependent on those third parties for the production of our product candidates in accordance with relevant applicable regulations such as cGMP, which includes, among other things, quality control, quality assurance and the maintenance of records and documentation.

In complying with the manufacturing regulations of the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities, we and our third-party suppliers must spend significant time, money, and effort in the areas of design and development, testing, production, record-keeping and quality control to assure that the products meet applicable specifications and other regulatory requirements. The failure to comply with these requirements could result in an enforcement action against us, including the seizure of products and shutting down of production. We and any of these third-party suppliers also may be subject to inspections by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities. If any of our third-party suppliers fails to comply with cGMP or other applicable manufacturing regulations, our ability to develop and commercialize our product candidates could suffer significant interruptions.

Our failure, or the failure of our third-party manufacturers, to comply with applicable regulations could result in sanctions being imposed on us, including clinical holds, fines, injunctions, civil penalties, delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals, license revocation, seizures or recalls of product candidates or drugs, operating restrictions, and criminal prosecutions, any of which could significantly and adversely affect supplies of our products.

If our CMOs fail to perform their obligations for any reason, or if there are any disruptions at our CMOs, or impacts on our CMOs, due to fire, natural hazards, vandalism, public health challenges or any other events, our manufacturing capacity could be significantly interrupted. We currently do not have alternative production plans in place or disaster-recovery facilities available. In case of a disruption, we will have to establish alternative manufacturing sources. This would require substantial capital on our part, which we may not be able to obtain on commercially acceptable terms or at all. Additionally, we would likely experience months of manufacturing delays as we build facilities or locate alternative suppliers and seek and obtain necessary regulatory approvals. If this occurs, we will be unable to satisfy manufacturing needs on a timely basis, if at all. If changes to CMOs occur, then there also may be changes to manufacturing processes inherent in the setup of new operations for our product candidates and any products that may obtain approval in the future. Any such changes could require the conduct of bridging studies before we can use any materials produced at new facilities or under new processes in clinical trials or, for any products reaching approval, in our commercial supply. Further, business interruption insurance may not adequately compensate us for any losses that may occur and we would have to bear the additional cost of any disruption. For these reasons, a significant disruptive event of any CMOs could have drastic consequences, including placing our financial stability at risk.

In addition, there has been increased governmental focus, including legislative proposals, in the United States on the role of Chinese companies in the life sciences industry. For example, the proposed BIOSECURE Act, if enacted into law, may restrict our ability to contract with WuXi Apptec and WuXi Biologics, Chinese companies from whom we receive development and manufacturing services. To the extent these, or other companies with whom we contract, are the subject of U.S. governmental focus, we may need to transition to other providers, which would be costly and may delay the development and commercialization of our products. Such U.S. government focus could also impact these companies’ ability to perform services for us under existing arrangements, which also could require us to seek alternative services possibly resulting in increased costs and delays.

Our product candidates and any drugs that we may develop may compete with other product candidates and drugs for access to manufacturing facilities. We may not be able to enter into similar commercial arrangements with other manufacturers that operate under cGMP regulations and that might be capable of manufacturing for us. Any performance failure on the part of our existing or future manufacturers could delay clinical development or marketing approval.

If we were to experience an unexpected loss of supply of or if any supplier were unable to meet our clinical or commercial demand for any of our product candidates, we could experience delays in our planned clinical studies or commercialization. For example, public health challenges, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, may impact our ability to procure sufficient supplies for the development of our current and future product candidates, and the extent of such impacts will depend on the severity and duration of the public health challenge and the actions undertaken to address it. We could be unable to find alternative suppliers of acceptable quality and experience that can produce and supply appropriate volumes at an acceptable cost or on favorable terms. Moreover, our suppliers are subject to strict manufacturing requirements and rigorous testing requirements, which could limit or delay production. The long transition periods necessary to switch manufacturers and suppliers, if necessary, would significantly delay our clinical trials and, for any product candidates that reach approval, the commercialization of our products, which would materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operation.

The manufacture of biologics is complex, and our third-party manufacturers may encounter difficulties in production. If any of our third-party manufacturers encounter such difficulties, our ability to provide supply of our product candidates for clinical trials or our products for patients, if approved, could be delayed or prevented.

Manufacturing biologics, especially in large quantities, is often complex and may require the use of innovative technologies to handle living cells. Each lot of an approved biologic must undergo thorough testing for identity, strength, quality, purity, and potency. Manufacturing biologics requires facilities specifically designed for and validated for this purpose, and sophisticated quality assurance and quality control procedures are necessary. Slight deviations anywhere in the manufacturing process, including filling, labeling, packaging, storage and shipping, and quality control and testing, may result in lot failures, product recalls, or spoilage. Changes to the manufacturing process often require preclinical and clinical data showing the comparable identity, strength, quality, purity, or potency of the products before and after such changes. Microbial, viral or other contaminations may require closure of facilities for an extended period of time to investigate and remedy the contamination, which could delay clinical trials and adversely harm our business. The use of biologically derived ingredients also can lead to allegations of harm, including infections or allergic reactions, or closure of product facilities due to possible contamination.

In addition, risks associated with large scale manufacturing for clinical trials or commercial scale include, among others, cost overruns, potential problems with process scale-up, process reproducibility, stability issues, compliance with good manufacturing practices, lot consistency, and timely availability of raw materials. Even if we obtain marketing approval for any of our product candidates, our manufacturers may not be able to manufacture the approved product to specifications acceptable to the FDA or other comparable foreign regulatory authorities, to produce it in sufficient quantities to meet the requirements for the potential commercial launch of the product, or to meet potential future demand. If our manufacturers are unable to produce sufficient quantities for clinical trials or for commercialization, our development and commercialization efforts would be impaired, which would have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

Our reliance on third parties requires us to share our trade secrets, which increases the possibility of competitor discovery, misappropriation, or disclosure.

Because we rely on third parties to research and develop and to manufacture our product candidates, we must share trade secrets. We seek to protect our proprietary technology in part by entering into confidentiality agreements and, if applicable, material transfer agreements, consulting agreements, or other similar agreements with our advisors, employees, third-party contractors, and consultants. These agreements typically limit the rights of the third parties to use or disclose our confidential information, including our trade secrets. However, our agreements may contain certain limited publication rights. For example, any academic institution that we may

collaborate with often expect to be granted rights to publish data arising out of such collaboration, and any joint research and development programs may require us to share trade secrets under the terms of our research and development or similar agreements. Sharing trade secrets and other confidential information increases the risk that such information becomes known by our competitors, are inadvertently incorporated into the technology of others, or are disclosed or used in violation of these agreements.

In addition, these agreements typically restrict the ability of our advisors, employees, third-party contractors, and consultants to publish data potentially relating to our trade secrets. Despite our efforts to protect our trade secrets, our competitors may discover our trade secrets, either through breach of our agreements with third parties, independent development or publication of information by any of our third-party collaborators. Given that our proprietary position is based, in part, on our know-how and trade secrets, a competitor’s independent discovery of our trade secrets or other unauthorized use or disclosure would impair our competitive position and may have a material adverse effect on our business. Enforcing a claim that a third party illegally obtained and is using our trade secrets, like patent litigation, is expensive and time consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, courts outside the United States are sometimes less willing to protect trade secrets.

Risks related to our limited operating history, financial position and capital requirements

Our limited operating history may make it difficult for you to evaluate our business and to assess our future viability.

We are a clinical-stage immuno-oncology company with a limited operating history. We have not yet demonstrated our ability to successfully conduct or complete any clinical trials, obtain marketing approvals, manufacture a commercial-scale product or arrange for a third party to do so on our behalf, or conduct sales, marketing, and distribution activities necessary for successful product commercialization. Consequently, any predictions you make about our future success or viability may not be as accurate as they could be if we had a longer operating history.

We expect our financial condition and operating results to continue to fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year due to a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control. Accordingly, you should not rely upon the results of any quarterly or annual periods as indications of future operating performance.

We have incurred significant losses since inception, and we expect to incur losses over the next several years and may not be able to achieve or sustain revenues or profitability in the future.

Investment in biopharmaceutical product development is a highly speculative undertaking and entails substantial upfront capital expenditures and significant risk that any potential product candidate will fail to demonstrate adequate effect or an acceptable safety profile, gain regulatory approval and become commercially viable. We are still in the early stages of development of our product candidates. Belrestotug and inupadenant are each in ongoing Phase 2 clinical trials and EOS-984 is in a Phase 1 clinical trial. We have no products licensed for commercial sale and have not generated any revenue from product sales to date, and we continue to incur significant research and development and other expenses related to our ongoing operations.

Our ability to generate product revenue sufficient to achieve profitability will depend heavily on the successful development and eventual commercialization of one or more of our current or future product candidates.

We expect to continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future, and we expect these losses to increase substantially if and as we:

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with biopharmaceutical product development, we are unable to accurately predict the timing or amount of increased expenses we will incur or when, if ever, we will be able to achieve profitability. Even if we succeed in commercializing one or more of our product candidates, we will continue to incur substantial research and development and other expenditures to develop, seek approval for, and market additional product candidates. We may never succeed in these activities and, even if we succeed in commercializing one or more of our product candidates, we may never generate revenues that are significant or large enough to achieve profitability. In addition, we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other known and unknown challenges that may adversely affect our business. The size of our future net losses will depend, in part, on the rate of future growth of our expenses and our ability to generate revenue. Our prior losses and expected future losses have had and will continue to have an adverse effect on stockholders’ equity.

We have never generated any revenue from product sales and may never be profitable.

Our ability to become profitable depends upon our ability to generate revenue. To date, we have not generated any revenue from any product sales. We have no products approved for commercial sale, and do not anticipate generating any revenue from product sales until after we have received marketing approval for the commercial sale of a product candidate, if ever. Our ability to generate revenue and achieve profitability depends significantly on our success in achieving a number of goals, including:

We will require additional financing to achieve our goals, and a failure to obtain this necessary capital when needed on acceptable terms, or at all, could force us to delay, limit, reduce, or terminate our product development or commercialization efforts.

Our operations have consumed substantial amounts of cash since inception. We expect to continue to spend substantial amounts to continue the clinical development of our product candidates, and to conduct IND-enabling studies for additional product candidates. If approved, we will require significant additional amounts in order to launch and commercialize our product candidates.

Changing circumstances may cause us to consume capital significantly faster than we currently anticipate, and we may need to spend more money than currently expected because of circumstances beyond our control. Accordingly, we will need to raise substantial additional capital in connection with our continuing operations.

Until we can generate sufficient product revenue to finance our cash requirements, which we may never do, we expect to finance our future cash needs through a combination of public or private equity offerings, including through our at-the-market, or ATM, program, debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances, licensing and grant arrangements and other marketing or distribution arrangements. We cannot be certain that additional funding will be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Further, our ability to raise additional capital and maintain liquidity may be adversely impacted by potential worsening global economic conditions and the ongoing disruptions to and volatility in the credit and financial markets in the United States and worldwide resulting from inflationary pressures among other macroeconomic concerns. If we are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, we may have to significantly delay, scale back or discontinue our research and development initiatives. We could be required to seek additional collaborators for our product candidates at an earlier stage than otherwise would be desirable or on terms that are less favorable than might otherwise be available or relinquish or license on unfavorable terms our rights to our product candidates in markets where we otherwise would seek to pursue development or commercialization ourselves.

Any of the above events could significantly harm our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations and cause the price of our common stock to decline.

If we are unable to obtain and maintain sufficient intellectual property protection for our product candidates, or if the scope of the intellectual property protection is not sufficiently broad, our competitors could develop and commercialize products similar or identical to ours, and our ability to successfully commercialize our products may be adversely affected.

Our success depends in large part on our ability to obtain and maintain patent protection in the United States and other countries with respect to our product candidates and research programs. We seek to protect our proprietary position by filing patent applications in the United States and abroad related to our novel discoveries and technologies that are important to our business, however, we cannot predict:

Obtaining and enforcing patents is expensive and time-consuming, and we may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications, or maintain and/or enforce patents that may issue based on our

patent applications, at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. Additionally, we may fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development results before it is too late to obtain patent protection. Although we enter into non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to patentable aspects of our research and development output, such as our employees, corporate collaborators, outside scientific collaborators, CROs, CMOs, consultants, advisors and other third parties, any of these parties may breach these agreements and disclose such results before a patent application is filed, thereby jeopardizing our ability to seek patent protection.

We also cannot be certain that the claims in our pending patent applications directed to our product candidates and/or technologies will be considered patentable by the United States Patent and Trademark Office, or the USPTO, or by patent offices in foreign countries. One aspect of the determination of patentability of our inventions depends on the scope and content of the “prior art,” information that was or is deemed available to a person of skill in the relevant art prior to the priority date of the claimed invention. There may be prior art of which we are not aware that may affect the patentability of our patent claims or, if issued, affect the validity or enforceability of a patent claim. Even if the patents do issue based on our patent applications, third parties may challenge the validity, enforceability or scope thereof, which may result in such patents being narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable. Furthermore, even if they are unchallenged, patents in our portfolio may not adequately exclude third parties from practicing relevant technology or prevent others from designing around our claims. If the breadth or strength of our intellectual property position with respect to our product candidates is threatened, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to develop and threaten our ability to commercialize our product candidates. In the event of litigation or administrative proceedings, we cannot be certain that the claims in any of our issued patents will be considered valid by courts in the United States or foreign countries.

We may not identify relevant third-party patents or may incorrectly interpret the relevance, scope, or expiration of a third-party patent which might adversely affect our ability to develop and market our products.

We cannot guarantee that any of our patent searches or analyses, including the identification of relevant patents, the scope of patent claims, or the expiration of relevant patents, are complete or thorough, nor can we be certain that we have identified each and every third party patent and pending application in the United States and abroad that is relevant to or necessary for the commercialization of our product candidates in any jurisdiction.

The scope of a patent claim is determined by an interpretation of the law, the written disclosure in a patent and the patent’s prosecution history. We must correctly interpret the relevance or the scope of a patent or a pending application, determine whether our products are covered by a third-party patent, predict whether a third party’s pending application will issue with claims of relevant scope, and determine the expiration date of any patent in the United States or abroad that we consider relevant. Failure to do so may negatively impact our ability to develop and market our products.

We may need to obtain additional licenses of third-party technology that may not be available to us or are available only on commercially unreasonable terms, which may cause us to operate our business in a more costly or otherwise adverse manner that was not anticipated.

From time to time we may be required to license technology from additional third parties to further develop or commercialize our current product candidates or any future product candidates. Should we be required to obtain licenses to any third-party technology, including any such patents required to manufacture, use or sell our current product candidates or any future product candidates, such licenses may not be available to us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. The inability to obtain any third-party license required to develop or commercialize any of our current product candidates or any future product candidates could cause us to abandon any related efforts, which could seriously harm our business and operations.

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

Patents are of national or regional effect, and filing, prosecuting and defending patents on all of our current product candidates or any future product candidates throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive. As such, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside the United States, or from selling or importing products made using our inventions in and into the United States or other jurisdictions. Further, the legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to pharmaceuticals or biologics, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or marketing of competing products in violation of our proprietary rights generally. In addition, certain developing countries, including China and India, have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner may be compelled to grant licenses to third parties. In those countries, we and our licensors may have limited remedies if patents are infringed or if we

or our licensors are compelled to grant a license to a third party, which could materially diminish the value of those patents. This could limit our potential revenue opportunities. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license.

Changes in patent law in the United States and other jurisdictions could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our current product candidates or any future product candidates.

Our success is heavily dependent on intellectual property, particularly patents. However, the patent position of biopharmaceutical companies generally is highly uncertain, involves complex legal and factual questions, and in recent years has been the subject of much litigation, resulting in court decisions, including Supreme Court decisions, that have increased uncertainties as to the ability to obtain and enforce patent rights in the future. Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States and other countries could increase the uncertainties and costs. For example, in September 2011 the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or the America Invents Act, was signed into law and included a number of significant changes to United States patent law as then existed. These include provisions that affect the way patent applications are prosecuted, redefine prior art and provide more efficient and cost-effective avenues for competitors to challenge the validity of patents. Such avenues include allowing third-party submission of prior art to the USPTO during patent prosecution and additional procedures to attack the validity of a patent by USPTO administered post-grant proceedings, including post-grant review, inter partes review, and derivation proceedings. After March 2013, under the America Invents Act, the United States transitioned to a first inventor to file system in which, assuming that the other statutory requirements are met, the first inventor to file a patent application will be entitled to the patent on an invention regardless of whether a third party was the first to invent the claimed invention. The America Invents Act and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

The United States Supreme Court has ruled on several patent cases in recent years, either narrowing the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances or weakening the rights of patent owners in certain situations. Depending on future actions by the United States Congress, the United States courts, the USPTO and the relevant law-making bodies in other countries, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that would weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce our existing and future patents.

We may rely on trade secret and proprietary know-how which can be difficult to trace and enforce and, if we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position would be harmed.

In addition to seeking patents for some of our technology and current product candidates or any future product candidates, we may also rely on trade secrets, including unpatented know-how, technology and other proprietary information, to maintain our competitive position. Elements of our current product candidates or any future product candidates, including processes for their preparation and manufacture, may involve proprietary know-how, information, or technology that is not covered by patents, and thus for these aspects we may consider trade secrets and know-how to be our primary intellectual property. Any disclosure, either intentional or unintentional, by our employees, the employees of third parties with whom we share our facilities or third party consultants and vendors that we engage to perform research, clinical trials or manufacturing activities, or misappropriation by third parties (such as through a cybersecurity breach) of our trade secrets or proprietary information could enable competitors to duplicate or surpass our technological achievements, thus eroding our competitive position in our market.

Patent terms may be inadequate to protect our competitive position on our current product candidates or any future product candidates for an adequate amount of time.

Patent rights are of limited duration. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing, and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized. Even if patents covering our current product candidates or any future product candidates are obtained, once the patent life has expired for a product, we may be open to competition from biosimilar or generic products. A patent term extension based on regulatory delay may be available in the United States. However, only a single patent can be extended for each marketing approval, and any patent can be extended only once, for a single product. Moreover, the scope of protection during the period of the patent term extension does not extend to the full scope of the claim, but instead only to the scope of the product as

approved. Laws governing analogous patent term extensions in foreign jurisdictions vary widely, as do laws governing the ability to obtain multiple patents from a single patent family. Additionally, we may not receive an extension if we fail to apply within applicable deadlines, fail to apply prior to expiration of relevant patents or otherwise fail to satisfy applicable requirements. If we are unable to obtain patent term extension or restoration, or the term of any such extension is less than we request, the period during which we will have the right to exclusively market our product will be shortened and our competitors may obtain approval of competing products following our patent expiration, and our revenue could be reduced, possibly materially.

We may become involved in lawsuits alleging that we have infringed the intellectual property rights of third parties or to protect or enforce our patents or other intellectual property, which litigation could be expensive, time consuming and adversely affect our ability to develop or commercialize our product candidates.

The coverage of patents is subject to interpretation by the courts, and the interpretation is not always uniform. There is a substantial amount of intellectual property litigation in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, and we may become party to, or threatened with, litigation or other adversarial proceedings regarding intellectual property rights with respect to our product candidates. Third parties may assert infringement claims against us based on existing or future intellectual property rights. If we were sued for patent infringement, we would need to demonstrate that our product candidates, products or methods either do not infringe the patent claims of the relevant patent or that the patent claims are invalid or unenforceable, which may not be able to do. Proving invalidity may be difficult. For example, in the United States, proving invalidity in court requires a showing of clear and convincing evidence to overcome the presumption of validity enjoyed by issued patents. If we are found to infringe a third party’s intellectual property rights, we could be forced, including by court order, to cease developing, manufacturing or commercializing the infringing product candidate or product. Alternatively, we may be required to obtain a license from such third party in order to use the infringing technology and continue developing, manufacturing or marketing the infringing product candidate. However, we may not be able to obtain any required license on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Even if we were able to obtain a license, it could be non-exclusive, thereby giving our competitors access to the same technologies licensed to us. In addition, we could be found liable for monetary damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees if we are found to have willfully infringed a patent. A finding of infringement could prevent us from commercializing our product candidates or force us to cease some of our business operations, which could materially harm our business.

In addition, we may find that competitors are infringing our patents, trademarks, copyrights or other intellectual property. To counter infringement or unauthorized use, we may be required to file infringement claims, which can be expensive and time consuming and divert the time and attention of our management and scientific personnel. Any claims we assert against perceived infringers could provoke these parties to assert counterclaims against us alleging that we infringe their patents, in addition to counterclaims asserting that our patents are invalid or unenforceable, or both. In any patent infringement proceeding, there is a risk that a court will decide that a patent of ours is invalid or unenforceable, in whole or in part, and that we do not have the right to stop the other party from using the invention at issue. There is also a risk that, even if the validity of such patents is upheld, the court will construe the patent’s claims narrowly or decide that we do not have the right to stop the other party from using the invention at issue on the grounds that our patent claims do not cover the invention. An adverse outcome in a litigation or proceeding involving our patents could limit our ability to assert our patents against those parties or other competitors, and may curtail or preclude our ability to exclude third parties from making and selling similar or competitive products. Any of these occurrences could adversely affect our competitive business position, business prospects and financial condition. Similarly, if we assert trademark infringement claims, a court may determine that the marks we have asserted are invalid or unenforceable, or that the party against whom we have asserted trademark infringement has superior rights to the marks in question. In this case, we could ultimately be forced to cease use of such trademarks. Even if we establish infringement, the court may decide not to grant an injunction against further infringing activity and instead award only monetary damages, which may or may not be an adequate remedy.

We may be subject to claims that our employees, consultants, or independent contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information of third parties.

We could be subject to claims that we or our employees, consultants, or independent contractors have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed alleged trade secrets or other confidential information of former employers or competitors.

While we may litigate to defend ourselves against these claims, even if we are successful, litigation could result in substantial costs and could be a distraction to management. If our defenses to these claims fail, in addition to requiring us to pay monetary damages, a court could prohibit us from using technologies or features that are

essential to our product candidates, if such technologies or features are found to incorporate or be derived from the trade secrets or other proprietary information of the former employers. Moreover, any such litigation or the threat thereof may adversely affect our reputation, our ability to form strategic alliances or sublicense our rights to collaborators, engage with scientific advisors or hire employees or consultants, each of which would have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We may become subject to claims challenging the inventorship or ownership of our patents and other intellectual property.

We may be subject to claims that former employees, collaborators or other third parties have an interest in our patents or other intellectual property as an inventor or co-inventor. The failure to name the proper inventors on a patent application can result in the patents issuing thereon being unenforceable. Inventorship disputes may arise from conflicting views regarding the contributions of different individuals named as inventors, the effects of foreign laws where foreign nationals are involved in the development of the subject matter of the patent, conflicting obligations of third parties involved in developing our current product candidates or any future product candidates or as a result of questions regarding co-ownership of potential joint inventions. Litigation may be necessary to resolve these and other claims challenging inventorship and/or ownership. Alternatively, or additionally, we may enter into agreements to clarify the scope of our rights in such intellectual property. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights, such as exclusive ownership of, or right to use, valuable intellectual property. Such an outcome could have a material adverse effect on our business. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees.

Risks related to our business operations, employee matters, taxes, litigation, and managing growth

We expect to expand our development, regulatory, and operational capabilities and, as a result, we may encounter difficulties in managing our growth, which could disrupt our operations.

As we advance our research and development programs and as we continue to operate as a public company, we expect to experience significant growth in the number of our employees and the scope of our operations, particularly in the areas of management and operations, clinical development, quality, regulatory affairs and, if any of our product candidates receive marketing approval, sales, marketing, and distribution. To manage our anticipated future growth, we must:

Our future financial performance and our ability to develop, manufacture, and commercialize our product candidates will depend, in part, on our ability to effectively manage any future growth. Our management may also have to divert financial and other resources, and a disproportionate amount of its attention away from day-to-day activities in order to devote a substantial amount of time, to managing these growth activities. Due to our limited financial resources and the limited experience of our management team in managing a company with such anticipated growth, we may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations or recruit and train additional qualified personnel.

We are highly dependent on our key personnel, and if we are not successful in attracting and retaining highly qualified personnel, we may not be able to successfully implement our business strategy.

We are highly dependent on the services of our founder, Michel Detheux, Ph.D., who serves as our Chief Executive Officer and President, and on our other executives. Although we have entered into employment agreements with each of our executives, such agreements are not for a specific term and each executive may terminate their employment with us at any time. We are not aware of any present intention of any of these key personnel to leave us. We do not maintain “key person” insurance for any of our executives or employees. We believe that any of our executives would be difficult to replace.

Our industry has experienced a high rate of turnover in recent years. Our ability to compete in the highly competitive biopharmaceuticals industry depends upon our ability to attract, retain and motivate highly skilled and experienced personnel with scientific, medical, regulatory, manufacturing and management skills and experience. Although we conduct our research and development in Belgium, our headquarters is located in Massachusetts, and we plan on expanding our clinical development activities in the Boston area, a region that is home to many

other biopharmaceutical companies as well as many academic and research institutions, resulting in fierce competition for qualified personnel. We may not be able to attract or retain qualified personnel in the future due to the intense competition for a limited number of qualified personnel among biopharmaceutical companies. Many of our competitors have greater financial and other resources, different risk profiles and a longer history in the industry than we do, and may provide higher compensation, more diverse opportunities and/or better opportunities for career advancement. In addition, we rely on consultants and advisors, including scientific and clinical advisors, to assist us in formulating our development and commercialization strategy. For example, our interim Chief Medical Officer is a consultant. Our consultants and advisors may be employed by employers other than us and may have commitments under consulting or advisory contracts with other entities that may limit their availability to us. Any or all of these factors may limit our ability to continue to attract and retain high quality personnel, which could negatively affect our ability to successfully develop and commercialize our current product candidates or any future product candidates and to grow our business and operations as currently contemplated.

Information system failures or unauthorized or inappropriate use of or access to our information systems risk disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, including personal data, and could damage our reputation, and subject us to significant financial and legal exposure.

We rely on information technology systems that we or our third-party providers operate to collect, process, transmit, and store electronic information in our day-to-day operations. In connection with our product discovery, research and development efforts, we collect and use sensitive data, including intellectual property, proprietary or confidential business information, and a variety of personal data, such as names, mailing addresses, email addresses, phone numbers and clinical trial information. The secure maintenance of this information is critical to our operations, business strategy and reputation. Cyber-attacks could include wrongful conduct by hostile foreign governments, industrial espionage, wire fraud and other forms of cyber fraud, the deployment of harmful malware, denial-of-service, social engineering fraud or other means to threaten data security, confidentiality, integrity and availability. Cyber-attacks are increasing in their frequency, sophistication and intensity, and have become increasingly difficult to detect. Despite our security measures, our information technology and infrastructure may be vulnerable to such attacks or may be breached, including due to employee error or malfeasance. We are required to expend significant resources in an effort to protect against security incidents and may be required or choose to spend additional resources or modify our business activities, particularly where required by applicable data privacy and security laws or regulations or industry standards.

Although we have implemented security measures, there can be no assurance that our security efforts and measures will be effective or that attempted security breaches or disruptions would not be successful or damaging. Despite the implementation of security measures, our information technology systems, and those of our contractors and consultants who process information on our behalf or have access to our systems, are vulnerable to damage or interruption from computer viruses, unauthorized or inappropriate access or use, natural disasters, terrorism, war, and telecommunication and electrical failures. Such events could cause interruption of our operations. For example, the loss of pre-clinical trial data or data from completed or ongoing clinical trials for our product candidates could result in delays in our regulatory filings and development efforts, as well as delays in the commercialization of our products, and significantly increase our costs. To the extent that any disruption, security breach or unauthorized or inappropriate use or access to our systems were to result in a loss of or damage to our data, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, including but not limited to patient, employee or vendor information, we could incur substantial remediation costs, notification and disclosure obligations to affected individuals and government agencies, regulatory enforcement, potential lawsuits and liability under data protection laws, our reputation may be damaged, and the development and potential commercialization of our product candidates could be delayed, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Compliance with global privacy and data security requirements could result in additional costs and liabilities or inhibit our ability to collect and process data globally, and our failure to comply with data protection laws and regulations could lead to government enforcement actions, fines, and other harms which would cause our business and reputation to suffer.

Evolving state, federal and foreign laws, regulations and industry standards regarding privacy and security apply to our collection, use, retention, protection, disclosure, transfer and other processing of personal data. Privacy and data protection laws may be interpreted and applied differently from country to country and may create inconsistent or conflicting requirements, which increases the costs incurred by us in complying with such laws, which may be substantial. For example, the GDPR, which became effective in May 2018, imposes a broad array of requirements for processing personal data, including elevated disclosure requirements regarding collection and use of such data, restrictions on the transfer of personal data, requirements that companies allow individuals to

exercise data protection rights such as their rights to obtain copies or demand deletion of personal data held by those companies, limitations on retention of information, and disclosure of significant data breaches to individuals and regulators, among other things. The GDPR provides for substantial penalties for non-compliance of up to the greater of €20 million or 4% of global annual revenue for the preceding financial year. From January 1, 2021, the GDPR has been retained in the UK, as it forms part of the law of England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland by virtue of Section 3 of the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018, as amended by the Data Protection, Privacy and Electronic Communications (Amendments etc.) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 (SI 2019/419) (“UK GDPR”), alongside the UK’s Data Protection Act 2018. The UK GDPR mirrors the fines under the GDPR, i.e., fines up to the greater of €20 million (£17.5 million) or 4% of global turnover. Our efforts to comply with the GDPR, the UK GDPR and other privacy and data protection laws impose significant costs and challenges that are likely to increase over time, and we may be exposed to substantial penalties or litigation related to violations of existing or future data privacy laws and regulations. Privacy laws and regulations are also expanding in the U.S. Comprehensive state privacy laws are either in effect or have been enacted in a number of states, and similar laws are being considered in several other states, as well as at the federal and local levels. As our operations and business grow, we may become subject to or affected by new or additional data protection laws and regulations. The evolving patchwork of differing state and federal privacy and data security laws increases the cost and complexity of operating our business and increases our exposure to liability, including from third-party litigation and regulatory investigations, enforcement, fines, and penalties.

Failure by us or third-party CMOs, CROs or other contractors or consultants to comply with United States and international data protection laws and regulations could result in government enforcement actions (which could include civil or criminal penalties), private litigation, and/or adverse publicity and could negatively affect our operating results and business. Moreover, clinical trial subjects about whom we or our potential collaborators obtain information, as well as the providers who share this information with us, may contractually limit our ability to use and disclose the information. Claims that we have violated individuals’ privacy rights, failed to comply with data protection laws, or breached our contractual obligations, even if we are not found liable, could be expensive and time-consuming to defend and could result in adverse publicity that could harm our business.

Unfavorable global economic and trade conditions could adversely affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

Any unplanned event, such as flood, fire, explosion, earthquake, extreme weather condition, medical epidemics, pandemics or other public health challenges, political instability and military or other conflicts, including Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, the Israel-Hamas war and the potential for a wider European, Middle East or global conflict, power shortage, telecommunication failure or other natural or man-made accidents or incidents that result in us being unable to fully utilize our facilities, or the manufacturing facilities of our third-party CMOs, may negatively impact our supply chain, manufacturing costs or productivity, the economies in geographies in which we operate, or our ability to operate our business, particularly on a daily basis, and have significant negative consequences on our financial and operating conditions. Loss of access to these facilities may result in increased costs, delays in the development of our product candidates or interruption of our business operations. It may be difficult or, in certain cases, impossible, for us to continue our business for a substantial period of time. The disaster recovery and business continuity plans we have in place may prove inadequate in the event of a serious disaster or similar event. We may incur substantial expenses as a result of the limited nature of our disaster recovery and business continuity plans, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. We maintain insurance coverage at levels that we believe are appropriate for our business. However, in the event of an accident or incident at these facilities, our insurance may not be sufficient to satisfy any damages and losses. If our facilities or the manufacturing facilities of our third-party CMOs are unable to operate because of an accident or incident or for any other reason, even for a short period of time, any or all of our research and development programs may be harmed. Any business interruption may have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Our results of operations could be adversely affected by general conditions in the global economy and in the global financial markets and global trade. We conduct, and we expect to continue to conduct, portions of our clinical trials outside the United States, and unfavorable economic conditions resulting in the weakening of the United States dollar would make those clinical trials more costly to operate. Furthermore, the most recent global financial crisis caused extreme volatility and disruptions in the capital and credit markets. A severe or prolonged economic downturn could result in a variety of risks to our business, such as a reduced ability to raise additional capital when needed on acceptable terms, if at all. A weak or declining economy, including supply chain disruptions, labor shortages and persistent inflation, could also strain our suppliers, possibly resulting in supply disruption, and could negatively impact our access to liquidity and banking relationships. Any of the foregoing could harm our business and we cannot anticipate all of the ways in which the current economic climate and financial market conditions could adversely impact our business.

A portion of our manufacturing of our product candidates takes place in China through third-party manufacturers. A significant disruption in the operation of those manufacturers, a trade war or political unrest in China could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We currently contract manufacturing operations to third parties, and clinical quantities of our product candidates are currently manufactured by these third parties outside the United States, including in China. Any disruption in production or inability of our manufacturers in China to produce adequate quantities to meet our needs, whether as a result of a natural disaster, a pandemic or other public health challenges, or other causes, could impair our ability to operate our business on a day-to-day basis and to continue our development of our product candidates. Furthermore, since some of our manufacturers are located in China, we are exposed to the possibility of product supply disruption and increased costs in the event of changes in the policies of the United States or Chinese governments, political unrest or unstable economic conditions in China, including sanctions on China or any of our China-based third-party manufacturers. For example, a trade war could lead to tariffs on the chemical intermediates we use that are manufactured in China and in 2017, the United States proposed tariffs of 25% on raw ingredients for pharmaceuticals, such as the active pharmaceutical ingredients for our proposed product candidates. Any of these matters could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. Any recall of the manufacturing lots or similar action regarding our product candidates used in clinical trials could delay the trials or detract from the integrity of the trial data and its potential use in future regulatory filings. In addition, manufacturing interruptions or failure to comply with regulatory requirements by any of these manufacturers could significantly delay clinical development of potential products and reduce third-party or clinical researcher interest and support of proposed trials. These interruptions or failures could also impede commercialization of our product candidates and impair our competitive position. Further, we may be exposed to fluctuations in the value of the local currency in China. Future appreciation of the local currency could increase our costs. In addition, our labor costs could continue to rise as wage rates increase due to increased demand for skilled laborers and the availability of skilled labor declines in China.

We incur portions of our expenses, and may in the future derive revenues, in a variety of currencies. As a result, we are exposed to foreign currency exchange risk as our results of operations and cash flows are subject to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. Fluctuations in currency exchange rates have had, and will continue to have, an impact on our results as expressed in United States dollars. We currently do not engage in hedging transactions to protect against uncertainty in future exchange rates between particular foreign currencies and the euro. We cannot predict the impact of foreign currency fluctuations, and foreign currency fluctuations in the future may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We are required to file income tax returns in the U.S. and Belgium, which requires us to interpret the applicable tax laws and regulations in effect in such jurisdictions. Furthermore, significant judgment is required in evaluating our tax positions, including our provision for income taxes, our deferred tax assets and liabilities and any valuation allowance recorded against our net deferred tax assets. Our interpretation or application of accounting policies may be questioned by the relevant tax authorities, and the relevant tax laws and regulations, or the interpretation thereof, including through tax rulings, by the relevant tax authorities, may be subject to change. Any adverse outcome of such a review or change, including any adverse resolution of one or more uncertain tax positions, may lead to adjustments in the amounts recorded in our financial statements, and could have a materially adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.

Changes in United States federal income tax or Belgian tax laws and regulations could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

We are subject to taxes in the U.S. and Belgium, as well as laws and regulations regarding taxes, levies, and other charges in different countries. These tax rules, which are subject to change, affect tax liabilities imposed in respect of our assets, income, and operations, including transactions with third parties, affiliates and employees. Dealings and other intercompany transactions between current group companies and former group companies as well as additional companies that may form part of our group in the future are subject to transfer pricing regulations imposed by jurisdictions in which such companies are resident and can affect the income tax liability of each company.

Our effective tax rates and liability for tax in Belgium, the United States, and other jurisdictions could be adversely affected by changes in tax laws, treaties and regulations, both internationally and domestically, or the interpretation thereof by the relevant tax authorities, including changes to the innovation income deduction, the research and development tax credit, the corporate income tax base, the wage withholding tax incentive for qualified research and development personnel in Belgium and other tax incentives and the implementation of new tax incentives.

Future changes in tax laws could have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flow, financial condition or results of operations. We urge investors to consult with their legal and tax advisers regarding the implications of potential changes in tax laws on an investment in our common stock.

If we are unable to use Belgian tax loss carryforwards to reduce future taxable income or benefit from the favorable Belgian tax legislation, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.

At September 30, 2024, we had an estimated cumulative carry forward tax losses of $64.1 million in Belgium. Under the current legislation these are available to carry forward and offset against certain future taxable income for an indefinite period in Belgium. If we are unable to use tax loss carryforwards to reduce future taxable income, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected. As a company active in research and development in Belgium we have benefited from the availability of the Belgian research and development tax credit which can offset the Belgian corporate income tax due or it can be refunded if not used within four subsequent taxable periods. We also expect to benefit from the innovation income deduction, or IID, in Belgium, which allows net profits attributable to revenue from patented products (or products for which the patent application is pending), among other things, be taxed at a lower rate than other revenues. The tax authorities may challenge our eligibility for, or our calculation of, certain tax reductions and/or deductions in respect of our research and development activities and, should the Belgian tax authorities be successful, we may be liable for additional corporate income tax, and penalties and interest related thereto, which could have a significant impact on our results of operations and future cash flows.

We are subject to certain covenants as a result of certain non-dilutive financial support we have received to date.

We have been awarded grants from the Walloon Region, a federal region of Belgium, and the European Union to fund research and development activities. Several of the grants include no obligation to repay the amount received under the grants. We own the intellectual property rights that result from the research programs or with regard to a patent covered by these grants. Subject to certain exceptions, however, we cannot grant to third parties, by way of license, transfer or otherwise, any right to use the patents or research results without the prior consent of the Walloon Region. In addition, certain grants require that we exploit the patent in the countries where the protection was granted and to make an industrial use of the underlying invention. In case of bankruptcy, liquidation or dissolution, the rights to the patents covered by the patent grants will be assumed by the Walloon Region by operation of law unless the grants are reimbursed. Furthermore, we would lose our qualification as a small or medium-sized enterprise, the grants subsidies would terminate and no additional expenses would be covered by such patent grants.

Two of the grants, which are referred to as recoverable cash advance grants, or RCAs, include a potential obligation to repay the amount received under the grants. Under the RCAs, the Walloon Region has provided us with up to €23.2 million for our research and development programs for belrestotug and inupadenant. We are no longer receiving payments from these grants, and therefore did not receive any payments for these grants to date in 2024.

We must repay 30% of the amount received under the grants unless we decide not to pursue commercial development or out licensing of the drug candidate, inform the Walloon Region of our decision and justify our decision based upon the failure of the program, and transfer the intellectual property rights to the Walloon Region. This is referred to as the fixed repayment. In addition, in the event that we receive revenue from products or services related to the results of the program, we will have to pay to the Walloon Region a 0.33% royalty on revenue resulting from the first RCA grant and a 0.15% royalty on revenue resulting from the second RCA grant (increased from 0.12% effective December 2021). The maximum amount payable to the Walloon Region under each grant, including the fixed repayment, the royalty on revenue, and the interest thereon, is twice the amount of funding received.

Subject to certain exceptions, we cannot grant to third parties, by way of license or otherwise, any right to use the results without the prior consent of the Walloon Region. We also need the consent of the Walloon Region to transfer an intellectual property right resulting from the research programs or a transfer or license of a prototype or installation. Obtaining such consent from the Walloon Region could give rise to their review of the applicable

financial terms. The RCAs also contain provisions prohibiting us from conducting research within the scope of the RCAs for any third parties. This prohibition is applicable beyond the research phase and decision phase and could restrict our ability to enter into research-related collaboration or partnership agreements with respect to those programs.

Product liability lawsuits against us could cause us to incur substantial liabilities and could limit our commercialization of any product candidates that we may develop.

We face an inherent risk of product liability exposure related to the testing of our product candidates in human clinical trials and will face an even greater risk if we commercially sell any products that we may develop. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against claims that our product candidates or products caused injuries, we could incur substantial liabilities. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, product liability claims may result in:

Historically, securities class action litigation has often been brought against a company following a decline in the market price of its securities. This risk is especially relevant for us because biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies have experienced significant stock price volatility in recent years. If we were to be sued, it could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources, which could harm our business.

The trading price of our common stock has been highly volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control, including limited trading volume. In addition to the factors discussed in this “Risk factors” section, these factors include:

Broad market and industry factors may negatively affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance.

Raising additional capital and future issuances of our common stock or rights to purchase common stock could result in additional dilution of the percentage ownership of our stockholders, restrict our operations, or require us to relinquish rights to our technologies or product candidates, and could cause our stock price to fall.

We expect that significant additional capital may be needed in the future to continue our planned operations, including conducting clinical trials, expanded research and development activities, and costs associated with operating as a public company. To raise capital, we may sell common stock, convertible securities, or other equity securities in one or more transactions, including through a combination of public and private equity offerings, debt financings, strategic partnerships and alliances and licensing arrangements, at prices and in a manner we determine from time to time. If we sell common stock, convertible securities, or other equity securities, investors may be materially diluted by subsequent sales. Such sales may also result in material dilution to our existing stockholders, and new investors could gain rights, preferences, and privileges senior to the holders of our common stock. In addition, such sales, or the perception that such sales may occur, could cause our stock price to decline.

To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, including sales of our common stock pursuant to the Sales Agreement, our stockholder’s ownership interest will be diluted, and the terms may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our stockholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed payment obligations and could involve certain restrictive covenants, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, limitations on our ability to acquire or license intellectual property rights and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. If we raise additional funds through strategic partnerships and alliances and licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies or product candidates, or grant licenses on terms unfavorable to us.

We do not intend to pay dividends on our common stock, so any returns will be limited to the value of our stock.

We currently anticipate that we will retain future earnings for the development, operation, and expansion of our business and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. In addition, we may enter into agreements that prohibit us from paying cash dividends without prior written consent from our contracting parties, or which other terms prohibiting or limiting the amount of dividends that may be declared or paid on our common stock. Any return to stockholders will therefore be limited to the appreciation of their stock, which may never occur.

Our principal stockholders and management own a significant percentage of our stock and will be able to exert significant influence over matters subject to stockholder approval.

Our executive officers, directors, and 5% stockholders beneficially owned approximately 72.4% of our outstanding voting stock as of September 30, 2024. These stockholders have the ability to influence us through this ownership position. These stockholders may be able to determine all matters requiring stockholder approval. For example, these stockholders may be able to control elections of directors, amendments of our organizational documents, or approval of any merger, sale of assets, or other major corporate transaction. This may prevent or discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals or offers for our common stock that our stockholders may feel are in their best interest.

We are an emerging growth company, and the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies may make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are an emerging growth company, as defined in the JOBS Act. For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended, or Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding nonbinding advisory votes on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We could be an emerging growth company for up to five years following 2020, the year in which we completed our IPO, although circumstances could cause us to lose that status earlier. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (1) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of the closing of our IPO, (b) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.235 billion or (c) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which requires the market value of our common stock that is held by non-affiliates to exceed $700 million as of the prior June 30th, and (2) the date on which we have issued more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period.

Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can also delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have elected to avail ourselves of this exemption from complying with new or revised accounting standards and, therefore, will not be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies.

We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile.

Anti-takeover provisions under our charter documents and Delaware law could delay or prevent a change of control, which could limit the market price of our common stock and may prevent or frustrate attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws contain provisions that could delay, defer or prevent a change of control of our company or changes in our board of directors that our stockholders might consider favorable. Some of these provisions include:

In addition, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporate Law, which may prohibit certain business combinations with stockholders owning 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock. These anti-takeover provisions and other provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws could make it more difficult for stockholders or potential acquirers to obtain control of our board of directors or initiate actions that are opposed by the then-current board of directors and could also delay or impede a merger, tender offer, or proxy contest involving our company. These provisions could also discourage proxy contests and make it more difficult for stockholders to elect directors of their choosing or cause us to take other corporate actions they desire. Any delay or prevention of a change of control transaction or changes in our board of directors could cause the market price of our common stock to decline.

Our amended and restated bylaws designate certain courts as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or employees.

Our amended and restated bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the sole and exclusive forum for any state law claim for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers, and employees to us or our stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or our amended and restated bylaws or (iv) any action asserting a claim that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine, in each case subject to the Court of Chancery having personal jurisdiction over the indispensable parties named as defendants therein, or the Delaware Forum Provision. The Delaware Forum Provision will not apply to any causes of action arising under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act. Our bylaws further provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts shall be the sole and exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act, or the Federal Forum Provision, as our principle office is located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In addition, our amended and restated bylaws provide that any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our common stock is deemed to have notice of and consented to the foregoing provisions; provided, however, that stockholders cannot and will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.

We recognize that the Delaware Forum Provision and the Federal Forum Provision in our bylaws may impose additional litigation costs on stockholders in pursuing any such claims, particularly if the stockholders do not reside in or near the State of Delaware or the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Additionally, the forum selection clauses in our amended and restated bylaws may limit our stockholders’ ability to bring a claim in a forum that they find favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and employees even though an action, if successful, might benefit our stockholders. In addition, while the Delaware Supreme Court ruled in March 2020 that federal forum selection provisions purporting to require claims under the Securities Act be brought in federal court were “facially valid” under Delaware law, there is uncertainty as to whether other courts will enforce our Federal Forum Provision. If the Federal Forum Provision is found to be unenforceable, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters. The Federal Forum Provision may also impose additional litigation costs on stockholders who assert that the provision is not enforceable or invalid. The Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware and the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts may also reach different judgments or results than would other courts, including courts where a stockholder considering an action may be located or would otherwise choose to bring the action, and such judgments may be more or less favorable to us than our stockholders.

If we fail to establish and maintain proper and effective internal control over financial reporting, our operating results and our ability to operate our business could be harmed.

Ensuring that we have adequate internal control over financial reporting in place so that we can produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis is a costly and time-consuming effort that needs to be re-evaluated frequently. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. In connection with our IPO, we began the process of documenting, reviewing, and improving our internal controls and procedures for compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which will require annual management assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. We are currently subject to compliance with Section 404(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and have implemented a framework of internal controls to comply with this regulation. We have structured our finance team with finance and accounting personnel with certain skill sets that we need as a public company. If we are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in a timely manner, or if we are unable to maintain proper and effective internal controls, we may not be able to produce timely and accurate financial statements. If that were to happen, the market price of our stock could decline and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by the stock exchange on which our common stock is listed, the SEC or other regulatory authorities.

Implementing any appropriate changes to our internal controls may distract our officers and employees, entail substantial costs to modify our existing processes, and take significant time to complete. These changes may not, however, be effective in maintaining the adequacy of our internal controls, and any failure to maintain that adequacy, or consequent inability to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis, could increase our operating costs and harm our business. In addition, investors’ perceptions that our internal controls are inadequate or that we are unable to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis may harm our stock price and make it more difficult for us to effectively market and sell our service to new and existing customers.

+ This certification will not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), or otherwise subject to the liability of that section. Such certification will not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act, except to the extent specifically incorporated by reference into such filing.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.


特拉华州		84-3365066
（国家或其他管辖区的公司成立或组织）		（IRS雇主唯一识别号码）
321 Arsenal St Watertown, 万事达		02472
，（主要行政办公地址）		(邮政编码)



第I部分	财务信息	1
项目 1。	基本报表(未经审计)	1
	汇编的综合资产负债表	1
	联合综合收益及损失简明合并报表	2
	股东权益的简化合并报表	3
	简明的综合现金流量表	4
	简明联合财务报表附注(未经审计)	5
项目2。	分销计划	20
项目3。	有关市场风险的定量和定性披露	32
项目4。	控制和程序	33
第二部分	其他信息	34
项目 1。	法律诉讼	34
项目1A。	风险因素	34
项目 2。	未注册的股票股权销售和筹款用途	67
项目3。	对优先证券的违约	67
项目4。	矿山安全披露	67
项目5。	其他信息	67
项目6。	展示资料	68
	签名	69


（以千为单位，除股份数量外）	9月30日， 2024			12月31日， 2023
资产
流动资产：
现金及现金等价物	$	123,744		$	251,177
Short-term investments (amortized cost of $364,097)		364,966			280,739
应收补助款		773		—
研发税收抵免应收款		759			135
可退还所得税		6,271			6,365
里程碑应收款项		35,000		—
预付费用及其他流动资产		13,362			12,236
总流动资产		544,875			550,652
资产和设备，净值		5,372			4,696
长期投资（摊销成本为$159,150)		160,198			100,539
研发税收抵免应收款净额，减：流动部分		5,880			4,508
受限现金		310			274
使用权资产		5,514			6,036
其他		928			883
总资产	$	723,077		$	667,588
负债和股东权益
流动负债:
应付账款	$	7,154		$	11,293
其他应计费用		943			102
应计的临床试验费用		17,608			6,956
应计人事费用		8,306			8,562
投资应付款		—			9,787
递延收益		1,449			2,063
租赁负债		1,354			1,251
流动负债合计		36,814			40,014
可退还的补助款，减去流动部分		6,267			6,609
租赁负债，减去流动部分		4,174			4,807
未确认的税务优惠		44,130			40,930
负债合计		91,385			92,360
承诺和 contingencies（附注10）
股东权益:
普通股，每股面值为 $0.0001；0.001面值：150,000,000在2024年9月30日和2023年12月31日获得了授权的股份 2024年9月30日和2023年12月31日已发行和流通的股份； 36,527,470 和 35,838,080 已发行和未流通股份		37			36
额外实收资本		608,690			463,799
累计其他综合损失		(10,966	)		(13,240	)
保留盈余		33,931			124,633
股东权益总额		631,692			575,228
负债和股东权益总额	$	723,077		$	667,588


	截至9月30日的三个月						截至9月30日的九个月
（以千计，股票和每股金额除外）	2024			2023			2024			2023
收入：
许可和协作收入	$	—		$	—		$	35,000		$	12,595
总收入		—			—			35,000			12,595
运营费用：
研究和开发费用		36,686			30,638			107,924			85,523
一般和管理费用		12,112			12,642			37,272			38,027
运营费用总额		48,798			43,280			145,196			123,550
运营损失		(48,798	)		(43,280	)		(110,196	)		(110,955	)
其他收入和支出：
补助金收入		631			631			2,103			2,165
研发税收抵免		172			417			1,867			1,146
利息收入		8,010			8,039			23,213			23,932
其他（支出）收入，净额		(3,130	)		771			(972	)		2,870
所得税前亏损		(43,115	)		(33,422	)		(83,985	)		(80,842	)
所得税（费用）补助		(2,243	)		1,181			(6,717	)		(1,249	)
净亏损	$	(45,358	)	$	(32,241	)	$	(90,702	)	$	(82,091	)
普通股每股基本净亏损	$	(1.05	)	$	(0.90	)	$	(2.29	)	$	(2.30	)
摊薄后每股普通股净亏损	$	(1.05	)	$	(0.90	)	$	(2.29	)	$	(2.30	)
已发行普通股的加权平均值——基本		43,135,464			35,783,160			39,572,673			35,756,295
已发行普通股的加权平均值——摊薄		43,135,464			35,783,160			39,572,673			35,756,295

净亏损	$	(45,358	)	$	(32,241	)	$	(90,702	)	$	(82,091	)
外币折算调整		2,808			(736	)		392			(2,638	)
可供出售证券的未实现收益（亏损）		2,785			646			1,881			(975	)
综合损失	$	(39,765	)	$	(32,331	)	$	(88,429	)	$	(85,704	)


							累积的
					额外的		其他						总计
以千为单位，除分享数量外					实收资本		综合损益			留存收益			股东权益
	股份		金额		资本		综合损失			盈余公积			股东权益
2022年12月31日结存余额		35,611,219	$	36	$	435,665	$	(9,644	)	$	237,275		$	663,332
基于股票的补偿		—		—		5,807		—			—			5,807
期权行权后发行的普通股		149,408		—		578		—			—			578
货币翻译调整		—		—		—		(2,006	)		—			(2,006	)
可供出售证券未实现收益		—		—		—		102			—			102
净损失		—		—		—		—			(15,551	)		(15,551	)
2023年3月31日余额		35,760,627	$	36	$	442,050	$	(11,548	)	$	221,724		$	652,262
基于股票的补偿		—		—		6,964		—			—			6,964
期权行使后发行的普通股		21,292		—		218		—			—			218
货币翻译调整		—		—		—		104			—			104
可供出售证券的未实现损失		—		—		—		(1,722	)		—			(1,722	)
净损失		—		—		—		—			(34,300	)		(34,300	)
2023年6月30日的余额		35,781,919	$	36	$	449,232	$	(13,166	)	$	187,424		$	623,526
基于股票的补偿		—		—		7,057		—			—			7,057
期权行使、ESPP购买以及限制性股票单位解除后发行的普通股		3,039		—		10		—			—			10
货币翻译调整		—		—		—		(736	)		—			(736	)
可供出售证券未实现收益		—		—		—		646			—			646
净损失		—		—		—					(32,241	)		(32,241	)
2023年9月30日结余		35,784,958	$	36	$	456,299	$	(13,256	)	$	155,183		$	598,262


☒	根据1934年证券交易法第13或15(d)节的季度报告


☐	根据1934年证券交易法第13或15(d)节的转型报告书


大型加速报告人	☐	加速文件提交人	☒

非加速文件提交人	☐	较小的报告公司	☐

		新兴成长公司	☒


	截至9月30日的九个月
(以千为单位)	2024			2023
经营活动现金流
净损失	$	(90,702	)	$	(82,091	)
调整为净损失到经营活动现金流量净使用：
折旧和摊销		916			671
基于股票的补偿		22,868			19,828
可供出售债务证券的净增值		(8,504	)		(8,042	)
经营租赁权益资产的变动		(9	)		(6	)
未实现汇率损失		1,507			—
经营性资产和负债变动:
应收补助款		(751	)		1,016
研发税收抵免应收款		(1,881	)		(1,135	)
可退还所得税		96			(4,900	)
里程碑应收款项		(35,000	)		—
预付费用和其他流动资产		(1,224	)		(1,653	)
应付账款		(4,180	)		(4,581	)
其他应计费用		1,055			1,060
应计的临床试验费用		9,870			638
应计人事费用		(318	)		592
递延收益		(621	)		477
递延收入		—			(12,595	)
未确认的税务优惠		3,200			730
经营活动使用的净现金流量		(103,678	)		(89,991	)
投资活动现金流量
投资购买		(440,596	)		(193,510	)
投资到期收回款		297,309			206,265
购置固定资产等资产支出		(1,481	)		(1,570	)
购置其他资产		—			(83	)
投资活动产生的净现金流出		(144,768	)		11,102
筹资活动现金流量
通过行使期权和ESPP购买发行普通股所得款项		2,450			806
普通股和预先融资认股权发行所得款项		119,994			—
支付发行费用		(277	)		—
应付可退还补助金		(211	)		—
筹资活动产生的现金净额		121,956			806
外汇汇率变动对现金、现金等价物和受限制现金的影响		(908	)		(2,554	)
现金、现金等价物和受限制现金净减少额		(127,398	)		(80,637	)
期初现金、现金等价物及受限制的现金余额		251,451			285,038
期末现金、现金等价物及受限制的现金余额	$	124,053		$	204,401
非现金投融资活动
账款中包括的资本支出	$	2		$	320
起租权资产的经营租赁负债		385			1,782
可供出售金融资产未实现收益（损失）		1,881			(975	)
之前预付费用中包含的发行成本		(143	)		—
现金流量的补充披露
缴纳的税款	$	3,576		$	5,491


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Allocated research and development expenses by program:
Belrestotug	$	10,211	$	11,939	$	33,949	$	31,146
Inupadenant		4,258		5,059		14,947		14,455
Other programs, including non-clinical programs		8,051		4,035		20,341		11,873
Unallocated research and development expenses (1)		14,166		9,605		38,687		28,049
Total research and development expense	$	36,686	$	30,638	$	107,924	$	85,523


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Period to period
(in thousands)	2024			2023			change
Revenue:
License and collaboration revenue	$	—		$	—		$	—
Total Revenue		—			—			—
Operating expenses:
Research and development expenses		36,686			30,638			6,048
General and administrative expenses		12,112			12,642			(530	)
Total operating expenses		48,798			43,280			5,518
Loss from operations		(48,798	)		(43,280	)		(5,518	)
Other income and expenses:
Grant income		631			631			-
Research and development tax credits		172			417			(245	)
Interest income		8,010			8,039			(29	)
Other (expense) income, net		(3,130	)		771			(3,901	)
Loss before income taxes		(43,115	)		(33,422	)		(9,693	)
Income tax (expense) benefit		(2,243	)		1,181			(3,424	)
Net loss	$	(45,358	)	$	(32,241	)	$	(13,117	)


Exhibit Number		Description

3.1		Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-39401) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 28, 2020)

3.2		Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-39401) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 28, 2020)

4.1		Specimen Common Stock Certificate (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1/A (File No. 333-239415) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 20, 2020)

31.1*		Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

31.2*		Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.1*+		Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

101.INS		XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document

101.SCH		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document

104		Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)


	iTeos Therapeutics, Inc.

Date: November 12, 2024	By:	/s/ Michel Detheux
		Michel Detheux
		President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal executive officer)

Date: November 12, 2024	By:	/s/ Matthew Gall
		Matthew Gall
		Chief Financial Officer (Principal financial and accounting officer)